Capital Budgeting Decision Process Free Essays

string(37) " process shall include seven stages\." Capital Budgeting Decision Process 1. Introduction The maximization of shareholder wealth can be achieved through dividend policy and increasing share price of the mark value. In order to derive more profits, our company shall invest potential investments which always cover a number of years. We will write a custom essay sample on Capital Budgeting Decision Process or any similar topic only for you Order Now Those investments involve substantial initial outlay at the outset and the process. The management is responsible to participate in the process of planning, analyzing, evaluating, selecting and making decisions to allocate the limited resource to those investments. This is called capital budgeting decision process. Budgeting acts as an important managerial tool in practice. It is budget for the major capital investment such as purchase of land and building, plant and machine, investing new product or market. In modern competing environment, the company shall go ahead to make those investments in order to survive and profitability. A good evidence is Apple which globally introduced iPhone and acted as a leading market position. Denzil Antony (2007) stated that â€Å"Those decisions shall take account of the amount, timing and associated risk of expected company cash flow†. Therefore, Capital budgeting decision process is within the prospective of financial management. 2. The Aims of Financial Management Finance management generally embraces financial decision, investment decision and dividend decision. Its aims can be varied from different company, the main aims are expanding a new market, budgeting control, maximizing profit and maximizing shareholder wealth. Keown, et all stated that â€Å"The fundamental goal of a business is o create value for the company’s owners (this is, its shareholders)†. However, the management may focus on profit maximization that will benefit him because he is the agent on behalf of the shareholder resulting in devoicing ownership and management from the company. It leads to conflict with the shareholder’s interest and may detriment the shareholder’s wealth. In order to balance those conflicts, the management shall efficiently allocate limited resource and must consider its investment strategies with its financing policies at the best interest of the shareholder. The present value of future cash flows is a better measure of the wealth of shareholder value. Cash inflows are derived from financing activities such as debt and/or equity. If those funds are used for investment decision, it implies that there will be less contribution to shareholders as a mean of dividends. Efficient and effective allocations of the funds are principle responsibility of the management. This can be achieved through making an optimal capital budgeting decision process so as to create value for shareholders. 3. Academic literature on models of the investment process The company may face many potential investments in which it has to make choices to invest. It is necessary to evaluate potential investments in order to make better decisions. Every new investment is subject to risk and uncertainty. It always takes a long period of time to report future benefit. It will severely affect the cash flow of the company. The company therefore must manage the cash flow efficiently and effectively. Some techniques are introduced to decide whether to invest potential investment. John Graham Harvey (2000) conducted a survey of 392 CFOs found that CFOs always use Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR), percentage respectively is 74. and 75. 7; Payback period (PB) is also popular 56. 7 percent while Profitability Index (PI) seldom use only 11. 9 percent . Alkaraan Northcott (2006) also obtained a similar result from survey that UK manufacturing companies applied appraisal techniques. Accounting rate of return (ARR) and PB are commonly used techniques. It is important to be aware of their merits and drawbacks. ARR is an accounting ratio which is also known as Return on investment. It is accepted for potential investment (usually less than one year assessment) if ARR is more than or equal to hurdle rate. It is easy to understand and calculate, but it ignores cash. PB measures the number of years required so that the estimated returns can cover the initial outlay. It is also easy and simple to use, but it takes no account of cash flow after payback period. Both methods take no consideration of time value of money. To overcome those problems resulted from ARR and PB so as to make optimal decisions, the project appraisal process needs to consider the time value of money. Expected future cash flow of potential investments shall be discounted and added together to derive a lump sum of the present value sing a given discount rate. Three types of discounted cash flow are NPV, IRR and PI. NPV is the difference between sum of present value and initial outlay for the proposed investment. A positive NPV indicates that the proposed investment is accepted and vice versa. NPV takes account of the time value of money and all relevant cash flows over the life of the project. However, it is difficult to understand and rely on to provide an available appropriate discount rate. IRR is the discount rate at which NPV is zero. If IRR is greater than the cost of capital, then the potential investment is recommendable. IRR is easy to understand and it excludes the drawbacks of ARR and PB that both ignore the time value of money. However, IRR often gives an unrealistic rate of return unless the calculated IRR is a reasonable rate for reinvestment of future cash flows. PI is the sum of the NPV and the original investment divided by the initial outlay. PI is useful under capital rationing since it demonstrates that the best return can be achieved from the available funds. NPV and IRR are commonly used to measure potential investment today. Michael (2004) suggested that â€Å"Theory would suggest that the DCF methods are superior to the traditional techniques and that NPV is superior to IRR†. Therefore, potential investments can be best chosen to add value to the company. 4. A best practice design for the decision process Dayanada, Don. (2002) showed that â€Å"capital budgeting is a multi-faceted activity†. A best design for the decision process shall include seven stages. You read "Capital Budgeting Decision Process" in category "Essay examples" Arnold, G. (2008) specified that â€Å"There is a great deal more to successful investment programme than simply project appraisal†. Firstly, the company must has clear objectives and identify profitable investments project to sustain long term development of the company. Baker, H. Kent, et al. (2011) also suggested that the first stage is identification. The company has a motivation to achieve those objectives. The management translates them to specific directions and policies by using strategic planning after the company establishes objectives. Secondly, the company can develop and classify potential investments according to strategic planning. Thirdly, there are many potential investments in any company. It needs to be screened at this stage because potential investments are without being examined in depth in the previous stages. It can eliminate unsound and less profitable investments before the next step to evaluate the potential investments. Fourthly, it is the project appraisal stage that evaluates whether those potential investments contribute additional value to the company or not. Fifthly, it requires to present various reports and sets up a level of authorization for proposed projects. Sixthly, it conducts on the implementing stage to control capital expenditure, when to implement and who to be responsible. Finally, it is the monitoring and evaluating stage that is called the post-completion audit. It compares between the actual cash flows and other forecasted cost and benefit to improve the proposed investment or inducement for further investment. 5. Key stage of the decision process The key stage is project appraisal at the fourth stage from the above decision process. Dayanada, Don. (2002) pointed out that â€Å"project analysis is critically important for the firm†. Potential investments will be considered the initial outlay and expected future cash flow associated with risk and uncertainty. At this stage, it involves the application of many techniques, such as forecast, risk analysis, time value of money, discount rate and inflation, etc. Facing many problems of potential investments, the management should be familiar with those techniques. What is the relevant cash flow for the potential investment? Karanovic, et al (2010) pointed out that â€Å"In capital budgeting process one of most important things is discount rate determination†. It will affect the decision-making using different discount rate. Shall the company choose the highest NPV or the highest IRR when the mutually exclusive potential investments? James John (2008) stated that â€Å"different investment projects often have different degrees of risk†. If the proposed investment is more risky, the higher return is required. However, is higher return reasonable? If undertaking it, what will happen? Clive Emmanuel, et al (2010) stated that â€Å"Once taken, capital investments are largely irreversible and significant financial sums are at risk†. Hence, it may require using different appraisal techniques for the same investment, for example, using PB and/or PI technique to assist the analysis of NPV. When making decision to select potential investment, the management shall consider how to allocate the available funds to those investments efficiently at the same time. Therefore, the fund is a key issue to determine how many potential investments are undertaken. The management must concern about the liquidity of the company immediately after accepting potential investments. Improper acceptance or rejection of any proposed investment may significantly affect the long-term success of the company. 6. Conclusion The capital budgeting decision process is one of the investment decisions which form the fundamental part of financial management. Inappropriate investment decisions can endanger the survival of the company and cause difficulties in obtaining additional financing from stakeholders. To make optimal capital budgeting decision process, investment proposals shall be analyzed under risk, uncertainty and inflation. After making decisions, the company shall separately consider how the funds generate in the best way. A sound capital budgeting decision process is beneficial to achieve the aims of financial management. The efficiency of financial management is a good-measurement to achieve the objective of the company. 7. Recommendations Since our company has a clear objective to maximize the shareholder wealth, it can be achieved through making potential investments to invest. Identifying potential investments is crucial to the prospect of the company. It requires expertise and management to execute the capital budgeting decision process. An independent capital budgeting committee shall be assigned to monitor the capital budgeting decision process. Since capital budgeting decision process is more dynamic, after implementing it, Cotter, et al (2003) suggested that â€Å"real options should be included in a capital budgeting analysis†. A good capital development system and management information system will be well on the way to achieve the objective of financial management successfully. Reference List Alkaraan, F. , Northcott, D. (2006). Strategic capital investment decision-making: A role for emergent analysis tools? : A study of practice in large UK manufacturing companies. The British Accounting Review, 38(2), 149-173. Available through: ABI/INFORM Complete database [Accessed 31 March 2012]. Arnold, G. (2008). Corporate Financial Management. 4th edition. FT/Prentice Hall. Baker, H. Kent, et al. (2011). Capital budgeting valuation : financial analysis for today’s investment projects. Hoboken, N. J. : John Wiley Sons. Clive Emmanuel, Elaine Harris, Samuel Komakech. (2010). Towards a better understanding of capital investment decisions. Journal of Accounting Organizational Change, Vol. 6 Iss: 4 pp. 477 – 504. Available through: EMERALD database [Accessed 31 March 2012]. Cotter, J. F. , Marcum, B. Martin, D. R. (2003). A cure for outdated capital budgeting techniques. The Journal of Corporate Accounting Finance, 14(3), 71-80. Available through: ABI/INFORM Complete database [Accessed 25 March 2012]. Denzil Watson and Antony Head. (2007). Corporate Finance Principles Practice. 4th edition. FT/Prentice Hall. Don Dayanada, et al. (2002), Capital budgeting : financial appraisal of investm ent projects. Cambridge University Press. Graham, John Robert, Harvey, C. R. (2000). The theory and practice of corporate finance: Evidence from the field. Rochester, Rochester: doi:10. 139/ssrn. 220251. Available through: ABI/INFORM Complete database [Accessed 20 March 2012] James C. Van Horne John M. Wachowicz, Jr. (2008). Fundamentals of Financial Management. 13th edition. FT/Prentice Hall. Karanovic, G. , Baresa, S. , Bogdan, S. (2010). Techniques for managing projects risk in capital budgeting process. UTMS Journal of Economics, 1(2), 55-66. Available through: ABI/INFORM Complete database [Accessed 22 March 2012] Keown, John D. , Martin, J. , William Petty. (2011). Foundations of Finance : the logic and practice of financial management. 7th edition. Prentice Hall. How to cite Capital Budgeting Decision Process, Essay examples

Induction Program Related To Culture Fit- Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About the Induction Program Related To Culture Fit? Answer: Introduction Human resource management is the important component of an organization which involves in the functions like recruitment, selection, staffing, provision of training and development, induction, formulating HRM policies, ensuring the health and safety of the employees in the work place etc. The HRM holds the responsibility to develop the potential of the employees and to be competent in the workplace. (Armstrong, Taylor, 2017). This report highlights three sections of the HRM practices the training and development of employees by considering Induction Program Theory of induction program related to culture fit Induction program can be defined as an organizational process through which the management welcomes the new employees and prepare them to perform their role effectively. Conducting the induction program is an important function of the HRM so as to make the newly appointed duty managers to get culturally fit to the organization (Arulrajah, Opatha, Nawaratne, 2016). Through conducting induction program the HRM can make the participants understand about the policies and procedures of the organization, culture, vision, mission, operations etc. The induction program can contribute in making the duty managers to get fit to the organizational culture and to achieve the competitive advantage of the organizations. Some of the ways through which the competitive advantage of Millennium Hotels and Resorts can influence the content of the induction program is mentioned below. The organization Millennium Hotels and Resorts can obtain competitive advantage through providing customer service. Hence the customer service policies should be involved in the induction program content so that the duty managers can get informed about it. The Millennium Hotels and Resorts achieve competitive advantage through following a corporate governance of high quality standards in service provision. Hence this corporate governance should also be involved in the induction program content. Credibility standards are other component of competitive advantage and hence these standards are to be highlighted in the induction program. Through involving the components of competitive advantage in the induction program the duty managers can shape their operations accordingly. Induction program for the duty manager When preparing the induction program for the duty managers the following three steps can be involved Stage 1: General Orientation The history and the structure of the Millennium Hotels and Resorts can be provided through this session. The organizations vision, mission and objectives, functions of various departments are given here in order to generate interest about the organization with in the duty managers (Shamy, 2016). The factors influencing the competitive advantages of the organization, competitor analysis, market share etc are also discussed during this stage. This stage of induction program can be done by taking 2 days time so that he can get a clear understanding about the company. Stage 2: Specific Orientation The significance of the job of the duty managers are specified which includes the roles and responsibilities in the department, job training, job hazards etc. Some of the other factors like the personal policy, company policy, terms and conditions of service, welfare facilities, rules and regulations related to working hours and over timing, holidays, vacations, reporting etc are communicated during this stage. This reduces the ambiguity of the duty managers and makes them clear how he can fit in his job and can be more effective. This stage of induction program can be done by taken minimum 4 days time so that he can identify his role in the organizations and formulate strategies to make him fit with the culture of the organization. Some health and safety or job hazard examples which are included in the content of the induction program are mentioned below. Fire accidents: The content of health and safety hazards due to the fire accidents can be involved in the induction program which provides the information regarding fire escapes, fire extinguishers etc (Oliver, 2016). Hazards which can cause while at lift can be highlighted in the induction program. Stage 3: Follow up orientation This stage of the induction program is conducted around after 6 months of the initial induction program to understand the satisfactory level of the duty manager and also to determine how he made him to fit himself in his job role. Training and Development Plan Training and development plan are the plan formulated by the HRM in order to make the workforce potential so that they can achieve organizational goals effectively. In order to provide training and development the need or the requirement for the training has to be identified (Phillips, Jack, and Patricia, 2016). The training need for the below task has been analyzed with respect to the selected organization Millennium Hotels and Resorts and job title Hotel Duty Manager Training Need Analysis The training needs analysis can be considered as a systematic analysis through which the skills gaps of the employees are analyzed at organizational, group and the individual level so that various training programs can be conducted in order to fulfill the skill gaps (Ford, 2014). The TNA process involves the complete analysis of the training needs so that specific training needs of the employees can be identified and appropriate training and development program can be arranged by the HRM (Niphadkar, 2016). According to the given tasks the employees lacks the understanding about the relevance and the importance of the customer service and it contribution to the achievement of competitive advantage of the organization. The poor quality rating by the hospitality rating agency can impact the organizations reputation negatively and can hinder its sustainability. This scenario highlights the need for training program which educate them the relevance of customer service and to develop high quality customer service ability in the employees (Goetsch, Davis, 2014). Source: learning and development, ange brooking. Components of a need analysis The training need provision of customer service is analyzed in relation to the organization Millennium Hotels and Resorts and job title Hotel Duty Manager. Organizational need: This component of the TNA analysis the organizations performance in relation to the organizational objectives. It generates an accurate estimate about the potential of the employees in terms of their customer service proficiency and their knowledge about the same. Millennium Hotels and Resorts being operating in the hospitality industry it is important to provide high quality customer service as the organizations in this industry are differentiated in terms of quality of service. Task need: This component is generally involved in gathering the information about the job for the development of the training programs. This involves the detailed examination of the job role hotel duty manager like the knowledge, skills, attitudes etc so as to supervise and manage the staff members of the hotel. The job role of the duty manager closely related to the customer service provision. Maintaining good customer relations is the primary tasks of the duty manager. His responsibility also involves monitoring the provision of high quality customer service by the staff members. Person need: This component specifies the identification of the gaps between the current capabilities of the duty manager to provide the customer service provision. Here the actual performance of the duty manager in relation to the customer service is measured with the service standard kept by the Millennium Hotels and Resorts. Here the attitude of the person, output of the performance and self assessment needs are identified to assess the training needs. For example the ability of the person in the job role of duty manage should possess listening and observing skills to understand what the customer exactly require. Learning Plan Learning Outcome LO1: Through the provision of the training program the duty managers should be able to clearly define what is customer service and how this concept can be implemented in order to win the customer satisfactory level. This learning outcome can make the duty managers to clearly understand the relevance of customer service in hospitality industry and how it can gain competitive advantage for the organization in the industry (Guise et al, 2017). LO2: Through the training program the duty managers of the Millennium Hotels and Resorts should be able to attain high quality service rating, in the rating conducted by the hospitality rating agency. Through attending the training program related to customer service the duty managers should be able to achieve high quality service rating. List of the content LO1: List of contents for the training program Here the trainees are made understand the concept of customer service and how it is related to the success of the organizational effectiveness. Power point presentation which highlights the concepts and theories of customer service. Lecturers and explanations about the relevance of customer service in competitive advantage, sustainability etc by top management officials. Magazines based on customer service which included testimonials of successful hospitality organizations focusing on customer service. Feedback forms which can determine the understanding level of the trainees. LO2: List of contents for the training program This session includes the training which makes the duty managers to obtain high quality service rating. The content of this training programs are mentioned below. Lecturing and coaching materials and the top level managers. Videos which highlights the managers handling the customers during critical situation. Theoretical booklets which includes the auditing criteria. Appropriate training methods Some of the training methods which can be recommended for the training program conducted for the duty managers so as to achieve the learning outcomes are mentioned below. Coaching: The trainer can provide the theories and concepts of the customer service and its impacts on the hospitality business to the trainees through coaching method. This training method will be effective to achieve the LO1 (Edirippulige et al, 2016). Role modeling: This method of training can be used in order to make the duty managers understand about how to handle the customers and provide better customer service. One participant can take the role of manager and another can take the role of customers. Demonstration: The method of demonstrating the customer service by the trainers about the phrases and the body language while providing customer service can be an effective method of training. Real-time training programs: The duty managers can be asked to be apprentice of the top level managers while they handle the customers which can provide real time experience to the duty managers (Seamster, Redding, 2017). Health and Safety requirement and appropriate learning outcome The duty manager of the hospitality organization Millennium Hotels and Resorts is responsible for handling the operations of the hotels or the resorts. The most important health and safety training requirement for a duty manager is the fire accident which can encounter the resort premises. It is essential that the duty managers should be provided training take precautions to eliminate fire accidents and also be trained to manage the critical situation when fire is set out in the resort LO1: Through attending this training program the duty managers will be understand what measures has to be taken in order to eliminate fire accidents through the use of fire accident equipments. Job Description Related to Health and Safety Typical Hazards in the Work place Each and every organizations workplace is associated with health and safety hazards. Some of the typical hazards in the work place are mentioned below. Poor lightning and improper structuring of the work place. For example the organization ABC is a retail firm which deals with the automobile parts business. In this firm the lightning provided was not sufficient which resulted in the injury to the employee while handling those parts. The employee was not able to see the wire connected through the floor because of poor lightning which made him to slip down (Adrian et al, 2017). Fuel service and repair: The usage of mobile phones in the fuel service centers can cause drastic fire accidents which can be hazardous to the employees as well as the public. There are several cases in the real time environment where the customers of the employees make use of the mobile phones while at fuel service center which is hazardous. In child care center the work place can be hazardous to the employees when it is occupied with too many furnitures and toys. The child cares are having big responsibility to handle the children hence occupying too many toys and furniture can harm them when handling children Typical Hazards in the chosen organization Some of the typical hazards for the organization Millennium Hotels and Resorts for the duty managers are identified and mentioned below The duty managers will have to move around the floor in order to monitor or supervise the work place. Sometimes he will have to climb the stairs without making use of the lift. This can make him physically tired and can get into some ailments like back ache, leg pain etc. The duty managers will have to handle the critical situations which can put him into stress by handling the staff members, problem solving, maintain customer relations. This can cause physical as well as mental illness Poor lighting air circulation in the hotels can cause health hazards for the duty manager. It can cause some breathing related problems which can make the manager to face long term health issues. Because of poor lightning the chances of slipping down and getting hurt is higher. Another hazard which can cause to the duty managers are the hazard which can cause through bullying from the top management. Since he is in direct coordination with the workplace he is answerable to the top management. This can put him in a stressful situation and can cause him health hazards (Gopang et al, 2017). Way to involve workers in the health and Safety One way which can be suggested for the organization Millennium Hotels and Resorts for making the duty managers involve in the health and safety of work place policies is mentioned below. The duty managers can be assigned the duty to report if there is lack of lighting and air circulation in any area of the resort or hotels. This can be an indirectHealth and Safety Risk Assessment form Assessment Made by Name : XYZ Position: Duty manager Assessment reviewed by Name Position Identify or describe the subject of assessment The typical health and safety hazard that can cause to the duty manager of Millennium Hotels and Resorts are assessed here. What are the known or possible hazards The known potential hazards identified are Physical hazard due to poor lightening, poor air circulation in the hotels, restaurants, store rooms etc. Mental illness due to bullying, multitasking Injury or ache in legs etc due to moving around the hotels and resorts Who is exposed to this hazard The individual who is exposed to this hazard is the duty manager of the Millennium Hotels and Resorts. The same hazard can be caused to the sub ordinates of the duty managers. What could happen and how serious could any consequences be? Due to these potential hazards the damage can be less or severs. If the duty managers get stuck in the store room where there is poor lightning and air circulation then it may lead to the death of the person. The mental stress can cause de-motivation, mental illness etc. What could be done to minimize or eliminate risks The top management of Millennium Hotels and Resorts should make the infrastructure well lighted and should be provisioned with enough air circulation. Personal networking systems can be employed so that the manager need not have to wander around the floor. What information or training should be provided so as to reduce risks To minimize the risk of injury the duty managers can be trained to manage the critical situations effectively through enhancing their employability skills. In order to reduce physical damages they can be trained to make use of the emergency lamps, oxygen cylinders etc from the firs aid box. Information made use to make this assessment The information from the previous health and safety hazards happened in the organization is taken to make this assessment. How workers can be involved in making the assessment. Workers can be made involved in this assessment through gathering feedback and information from them Evaluate the effectiveness of health and safety training In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the health and safety training provided to the duty managers the HRM can make use of the method mentioned below. Observing method: The HRM can monitor the duty managers that how they are implementing the training provided in the training program in the work place. This real time evaluation will be more beneficial as the health and safety management has to be experimented and evaluated in real time so as to obtain the desired outcome (Hallowell, Alexander, Gambatese, 2017). Case Analysis The duty manager of the Millennium Hotels and Resorts are responsible for implementing the health and safety policies effectively. Despite this implementation, if the worker loses him limp due to an accident in the work place then the duty manager and the employer is having the responsibility to manage the situation. The managers and the employer obligations are mentioned below. The duty manager is obligated to report the accident to the HRM and other higher authorities. The employer is responsible to compensate the injured as per the standards of the work place health and safety acts. The HRM is responsible to arrange the training program to generate awareness among the workers regarding the health and safety at job. The HRM and duty managers should take necessary steps to make the employees cooperate to implement the health and safety policies effectively (Ik, Atasoylu, 2017) Conclusion The functions of the HRM in the modern organizations has been extended to their involvement in the strategic decision making process. This report has highlighted some of the important functions of the HRM with relevant to the organization the Millennium Hotels and Resorts by considering the job of the duty manag References Armstrong, M., Taylor, S. (2017). Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Arulrajah, A. A., Opatha, H. H. D. N. P., Nawaratne, N. N. J. (2016). Green human resource management practices: a review. Sri Lankan Journal of Human Resource Management, 5(1). El-Shamy, S. (2016). Dynamic induction: Games, activities and ideas to revitalize your employee induction process. CRC Press. Edirippulige, S., Armfield, N. R., Caffery, L., Smith, A. C. (2016). Education and training for supporting practitioners in the use of clinical telehealth: a needs analysis. Ford, J. K. (2014). Improving training effectiveness in work organizations. Psychology Press. Gopang, M. A., Nebhwani, M., Khatri, A., Marri, H. B. (2017). An assessment of occupational health and safety measures and performance of SMEs: An empirical investigation. Safety Science, 93, 127-133. Guise, J. M., Winter, S., Fiore, S. M., Regensteiner, J. G., Nagel, J. (2017). Organizational and training factors that promote team science: A qualitative analysis and application of theory to the National Institutes of Healths BIRCWH career development program. Journal of Clinical and Translational Science, 1-7. Goetsch, D. L., Davis, S. B. (2014). Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Hallowell, M. R., Alexander, D., Gambatese, J. A. (2017). Energy-based safety risk assessment: does magnitude and intensity of energy predict injury severity?. Construction Management and Economics, 1-14. Ik, I. N., Atasoylu, E. (2017). Occupational safety and health in North Cyprus: Evaluation of risk assessment. Safety Science, 94, 17-25. Kyaw-Myint, S. M., Strazdins, L., Clements, M., Butterworth, P., Gallagher, L. (2017). A method of identifying health-based benchmarks for psychosocial risks at work: A tool for risk assessment. Safety Science, 93, 143-151. Mihai-Adrian, B. S., Iulian, I., Constantin, B., Costin, D. D., Alexandru, L., Marian, C. A., Costica, B. (2017). Improving safety in the workplace using checklists legal requirements. Calitatea, 18(S1), 31. Niphadkar, C. (2016). Building Organizational Leadership: Leadership through Learning and Effective Organizational Development Interventions. Notion Press. Oliver, J. S. (2016). A case study of a teacher induction programs effectiveness as perceived by program teacher participants and school district administrators (Doctoral dissertation). Phillips, Jack J., and Patricia,(2016), Pulliam Phillips. Handbook of training evaluation and measurement methods. Routledge, Seamster, T. L., Redding, R. E. (2017). Applied cognitive task analysis in aviation. Routle

Procedures in the Justice System Plea Bargaining

Differences between different types of plea bargaining The practice of plea bargaining is widely spread in the United States of America and is recognized as an integral element of the justice system. Despite the popularity of this phenomenon, its benefits are rather disputable ad gave rise to the continuing debates of the specialists working in this field. Though the practice of plea bargaining increases the efficiency of the investigation process significantly, it should be limited for preserving the important constitutional rights of defendants.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Procedures in the Justice System: Plea Bargaining specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The two major forms of plea bargaining include charge and sentence bargaining. The first types presupposes prosecutor’s offer an exchange of a less serious charge for a guilty plea. The second type is associated with the promise of a more favorable s entence recommendation. â€Å"90 percent of all criminal cases are plea bargained† (Worall, 2010, p. 369). Among the main arguments for implementing plea bargaining are the improved flow of the cases, the benefits for the defendants and the increased victims’ satisfaction. However, this strategy is also compliant with a number of negative consequences. â€Å"Some argue that plea bargaining is objectionable because it encourages defendants to waive their constitutional right to trial† (Siegel, 2010, p. 436). Thus, it can result in false confessions in case if a wrongly accused individual does not believe in his/her chances for winning the case and considers the guilty plea as the only way out. Along with the practices of some states of banning plea bargaining for particular crimes or restricting the use of certain types of bargaining were rather successful and can help in observing the defendants’ constitutional rights. Along with all the benefits of plea bargaining for the judicial system, it predetermines a number of disadvantages and should be restricted with proper regulations of the procedures. Ad hoc plea bargaining The term ad hoc plea bargaining is used to define a number of extraordinary concessions made by defendants. Among the most widely spread forms of this phenomenon is the performance of some act for dismissal or receiving a less strict sentence. Taking into account the implementation of unauthorized measures, the use of ad hoc plea bargaining should be restricted. Taking various forms, ad hoc plea bargaining can either become violation of the legislative regulations or be beneficial for the community. The phenomenon is recognized as a rather controversial interpretation of the current legislation (Siegel, 2010, p. 435). Actually, the principle of ad hoc plea bargaining provides prosecutors with opportunities for free interpretation of the regulations and the implementation of unauthorized forms of charges and punishme nt.Advertising Looking for essay on criminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More While in some cases ad hoc plea bargaining can be beneficial for the community (such as making a monetary contribution to educational programs or labor of public utility), in other cases the prosecutor’s initiatives can take more extreme and inadmissible forms. For instance, in the case Ryan v. Common on Judicial Performance, the criminal charges were dismissed from a female defendant because she had exposed her breath (Worall, 2010, p. 369). Though cases of such extreme violations are no so frequent, the use of the strategy should be restricted. Taking into account the human factor and the associated forms of prosecutor’s unauthorized initiatives, the use of ad hoc plea bargaining should be restricted for preserving the constitutional rights of defendants, on the one hand, and observing proper trial procedures, on the other hand. R eference List Siegel, L. (2010). Introduction to criminal justice. (12th ed.). Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. Worrall, J. (2010). Criminal procedure: From first contact to appeal (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River: Pearson. This essay on Procedures in the Justice System: Plea Bargaining was written and submitted by user Darrell Reynolds to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

IndieReader Brings Indie Authorship One Step Closer to Easy

IndieReader Brings Indie Authorship One Step Closer to Easy It doesnt take long to see that IndieReader is more than a blog for readers. In fact, the sites mission is clear in the tagline on the home page, which promises that IndieReader gives your book the tools to get noticed and that its a website run by authors and writers for authors and writers.In addition to the numerous book reviews and articles aimed at educating independent authors about marketing and the world of independent publishing, IndieReader also provides services focused on helping authors improve their books discoverability. This type of marketing expertise for independent authors is such valuable information, especially if you are new to the independent publishing scene and unsure of the steps to take to get your book written, published and then marketed toward success.IndieReader professional book reviewsAs its most well-known service, IndieReader offers exposure for independent authors through book reviews written by their team of professional reviewers. According to th e websites description, these professional reviewers include journalists, teachers, librarians, and published writers and are matched to books submitted for review based on their reading and genre preferences. The rating system used is as follows: one star = really bad; two stars = mediocre, but one or two bright spots; three stars = good, and worth reading; four stars = very good; and five stars = excellent and a must-read.The importance of getting book reviews is unquestionable in the world of independent authors. Author and publishing expert Jane Friedman puts it like this:New authors- certainly self-published authors- have no symbolic capital. They are not (yet) known for producing quality books that seduce readers to the degree that they are willing to part with some of their disposable income, not to mention time. Is it possible for self-publishing authors to create symbolic capital? Absolutely yes, and many have. In todays increasing online world of book shopping, I argue it is book reviews that build symbolic capital.Jane FriedmanBeyond having professional book reviews written for your book, another great perk of paying for the IndieReader book review service is their monthly Best of roundup, where an All About the Book interview feature is published on their site for books that receive at least a 4-star rating. Book reviews that are given for each book submitted can also be distributed to other websites including Amazon, Barnes Noble, Ingram Book Company, and the Association of Independent Authors (AIA), which represents, advances, promotes and supports independent authors globally.Cost and process of a reviewThe cost of a review with a 7 to 9-week turnaround is $250. If you want a rush review, with a 4 to 6-week turnaround, there is an additional $75 fee. In order to submit your book for a review, youll need to send two copies of the book for each service you sign up for. IndieReader accepts Ebook uploads from a Kindle or iPad-compatible file, an Eb ook that is gifted from Amazon or another retailer, or a paper copy mailed. There are submission guidelines and forms on the website that makes the submission process incredibly simple.Discovery AwardsThe IndieReader Discovery Awards are another service offered by the IndieReader site for independent authors looking to obtain more exposure for their book. By submitting your work to the Discovery Awards, your work will gain exposure for judges, along with major media outlets such as The Huffington Post, The Wall Street Journal, and trade publications like Shelf Awareness and GalleyCat/MediaBistro.In addition to this exposure, winners of the annual IndieReader Discovery Awards will be fastracked to Dystel, Goderich and Bourret Literary Management to be considered for representation. In order to qualify, your book must place in first, second or third in both fiction and nonfiction categories.The top two first-place winners in the fiction and non-fiction categories will receive a Kirkus Indie review, valued at $425. First, second and third-place winners in the fiction and nonfiction categories will also receive a Kindle Paperwhite ($119.99 value), a custom author website and one year of hosting and management from Featherlight ($1,347 value), and consideration of representation from Dystel, Goderich and Bourret Literary Management.In addition to the first through third place winners, there will also be 20 to 40 winners from each sub category. These winners can expect to receive a professional IndieReader review (at a value of $250-$275), exposure to a panel of judges, an IndieReader All About the Book feature, and three stickers pronouncing your book an IndieReader Discovery Awards winner. The stickers can be used on websites, author blogs, sales pages and social media to help independent authors gain exposure and credibility for their work.The winners for Best 1st Book (fiction and non-fiction) will receive a Kindle Paperwhite (at a value of $119.99), and three s tickers stating that the book has been awarded the IndieReader Discovery Awards for Best 1st Book.The winners for Best Cover Design (fiction and non-fiction) will receive $250 in cash, and three stickers stating that your book is an IndieReader Discovery Awards for Best Cover Design winner. Additionally, all entries for the contest will receive a verdict (or blurb), which they are free to post on the Amazon, GoodReads, or their own personal webpage. You can visit the signup page to get started.Entry feeThe IRDA entry fee is $150 per book. If you want your book to be considered for more than one category, youll need to pay an additional $50 per category. IndieReader requests three copies of your book for the first category you choose, along with one additional copy for each additional category. As mentioned earlier, IndieReader accepts Ebook uploads from a Kindle or iPad-compatible file, an Ebook that is gifted from Amazon or another retailer, or a paper copy mailed.Reader reviews an d IndieReader bookshareIndieReader also offers reader reviews and an IndieReader bookshare service in which readers who have expressed an interest in reading books published by independent authors will review your book and post the review to Amazon and GoodReads. Its important to note that while authors are guaranteed a certain number of reviews based on the services they pay for the website does not guarantee that the review will be positive.The price for reader reviews depends on how many you choose to purchase. For three reviews, the price is $147; for six reviews, the price is $294; and for 10 reviews, the price is $490.In-storeYet another service offered by the site is IndieReader In-Store (IRIS), which catalogs your book as part of a branded collection on Edelweiss, an online catalog service used by independent bookstores and Barnes Noble. Edelweiss is also an interactive research tool for librarians, bloggers and reviewers, as well as a social network for industry profession als. The cost of this service is $299.IndieReader blogThe IndieReader blog offers advice to authors on various aspects of marketing their work, as well as advice about writing in general. Many of the articles are written by writers who have successfully published independently, giving readers the opportunity to know what other self-published authors have experienced while publishing their book and marketing it afterwards. There is also a category of All about the book, which features reviews of books that have received a 4-star rating or higher on the site.The blog offers a range of posts to keep indie authors engaged, while learning about the industry from experts in it. For example, the most recent post is one providing an overview of Best Reviewed Books of July. Links to ten book reviews are provided, along with a quick description of what each book offers the reader, the genre, and the IR verdict.Another recent post, Brian J. Robinson: ADDERALL BLUES questions everything we thin k we know about ADHD, and it all happens from authentic subjectivity, is an interview with the books author. In it, he describes his work as †¦a passionate memoir that provides shocking access to the inner workings of the misunderstood ADHD mind. There arent a lot of first person, non-clinical accounts of ADHD, and certainly none that is as entertaining as this one†¦Final takeawayWhether youre experienced at indie publishing or are just now getting started with the process of writing, self-publishing, and marketing your book, IndieReader is a treasure trove of advice and assistance in finding success in the industry.

A Note on Cheerleading Essay Example for Free

A Note on Cheerleading Essay ? Cheerleading. When you hear that word, what do you think about? Snobby, skinny blonde girls that have nothing else to do in life besides smile and wear short skirts? Well, when I hear that word, I think of confident, courageous and athletic young women who have a chance to be someone else on a gym floor. Cheerleading is full of so many opportunities! I’ve been a cheerleader for four years and it has done so many things. But before that all happened, my life was just simple. I was nervous to talk in crowds, my face turned red when people wanted to speak to me, and I acted shy in many other ways. I wouldn’t say I was a nobody. I mean, I was a somebody, but just not a positive, talkative student who enjoyed attention. In 7th grade, signing up for cheerleading was a hassle. I didn’t want to sign up all by myself. So I convinced some of my friends to sign up with me. Unfortunately, they quit right before try-outs because they weren’t that interested anymore. So basically, I felt all by myself. But I hung on. I cheered all the cheers, chanted all the chants, stretched all the stretches, and jumped all the jumps. Cheerleading was fun. It changed my life in just three months. I felt as if I was â€Å"coming out of my shell.† But more was to come freshman year. Signing up for cheerleading in freshmanwas easy. But it was the wait for the season to actually start that was aggravating! Eventually, time slowly came by and it was , 2009, the first day of practice, and that was a wake-up call. There was a new, more professional coach, and only one girl from last year was back to be on the squad. So it was time to meet other people for a change and make more friends. New cheers were being taught from the captains of the High School Cheerleaders. Who knew that I’d get the highest score in try-outs and become head captain? Well, I did, and a captain is supposed to lead everyone. That’s what let me be myself. I was able to help everyone understand what to do, when to do it, and stand in front of a crowd by having a different uniform than the other non-captains on the team. Games are my favorite. Just running onto the floor is a rush, and I plan to do that for at least four more years. Yes, I want to be on the High School Cheerleading squad! I’m confident I will make it, and I’m not scared to try. The high school coach has been to some of our practices and I could tell she was impressed. I guess I have to wait a year to see what she says. GO, BULLDOGS! As you can see, there’s been a drastic before and after. Before, I was a shy girl who was just average. Now, I’m a young woman who has a good sense of self-confidence! A Note on Cheerleading. (2017, Jan 21).

Maintaining competence in nursing practice Essay - 1

Maintaining competence in nursing practice - Essay Example I believe that this is an important part of my nursing practice because it would help ensure that my patients would essentially be protected from harm. It is important for me to know about the legal requirements in the administration of medications. These legal requirements are important in order to avoid medication errors, to manage adverse drug reactions, to manage side effect, and to ensure the proper administration of the drug (Garrett and Craig, n.d). It is important for me to improve my legal knowledge about the proper administration of drugs and to know the proper prescribing, compounding, dispensing, administration, education, monitoring, and use of the drug (NCCMERP, 2007). I need to enhance my dispensation skills for these medicines because I would likely encounter and be asked to dispense medicines with similar packaging, medicines which are not commonly prescribed or commonly used, or medications which many patients are allergic to, and those which require testing to secu re proper therapeutic levels (Hughes and Blegen, n.d). Medications which also sound alike are possible causes for errors. These risks are part of the practice and represent areas which I need to focus on. I also need to consider the different â€Å"Rights† in medication administration in order to prevent medication errors. These â€Å"Rights† include the following: the right patient, the right drug, the right dose, the right route, and the right time (Fogarty and McKeon, 2005). By mastering these aspects of drug administration, I would be complying with the minimum legal requirements for drug administration. It is also essential for me to participate in case review activities because these case review activities can help in the assessment and evaluation of cases and activities within the nursing practice. Each activity and case

Designing a Research Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Designing a Research Project - Essay Example Today the progression of technological expertise has made it feasible to fetch the consumers throughout the globe at the virtual store where the individuals are permitted to look through, pick, try out and pay without being actually there at the shop. This hi-tech development has in turn stimulated the quantity of competition among the companies and the procedure of modernization has been incessantly tailored by every company with the aim of drawing the consumers. A nation’s wealth is exceedingly enthused by the manufacturing and utilization phase on one hand. However on the further side the sequence of fabrication and utilization is completely reliant on the demand of the purchasers and the availability of products by the market person as per the demands. Consequently it is the primary aim of every company to persuade and please its consumers and provide them with the claimed goods and services. The aim of this research is to find out the marketing strategies taken by electronics giant Apple to reach its targeted consumer for the product iPhone. Being the most innovative organisation in its sector and having largest market share in the developed market it is challenge for Apple to reach its entire customer with limited time period. This study will help people to understand Apple’s iPhone marketing strategy in this ever changing competitive world. For this research both primary and secondary research approach will be taken. For primary research both qualitative and quantitative questionnaire will be made and distributed among the respondents. For qualitative questionnaire interview method will be used and for quantitative questionnaire survey method will be used. Probability sampling will be used for quantitative data collection method and non probabilistic data collection technique will be used for qualitative data collection technique. When a company fails to make available the vital