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The Relationship Connecting the Sociology of Religion and...

Berger provides insight into the study of the sociology of religion. Berger is particularly interested in the social construction of religion as perpetuated by humankind and the dichotomies of the secular and the religious. As a component of social reality, religion, according to Peter Berger, is a â€Å"dialectical phenomenon† (3). Society is a dialectic phenomenon in that it is a human product, and nothing but a human product, that yet continuously acts back upon its producer. Society is a product of man. Religion emerges out of human beings as part of an ordered and meaningful social reality and in turn, humans emerge out of this socially constructed world. Berger parses the dialectical phenomenon into three concepts: externalization,†¦show more content†¦The ordered structure of culture becomes the ordered structure of individual human consciousness. The languages, values, meanings, and institutions of society become the languages, values, meanings, and institutio ns of the individual person. Through internalization, humans become a product of society. By the ordering of experience, humanity imposes nomos, or meaningful order, upon the social world by both objective by institutions and subjective by consciousness constructs. When this nomos is instinctually assumed either cosmologically or anthropologically â€Å"it is endowed with a stability deriving from more powerful sources that the historical efforts of human beings† (25). Humans have a need for and impose nomos on their existence or reality. Without nomos people would perceive reality to be anomic; it would lack order and meaning; it would be utter chaos. A central function of religion is to protect the individual from anomy; religion makes reality ordered and understandable. Here religion enters the social world as a human enterprise by which a sacred world is established. He begins by examining the role of religion in the construction of the social world. BergerShow MoreRelate dMarriage Is A Construct That Almost Unanimously Comes From1187 Words   |  5 PagesMarriage is a construct that almost unanimously comes from religion. People may forget the connection in today’s society, but it is still vehemently there. The typical wedding in western society is in a church with a priest leading the vowels. Various people may get married with little to no religious affiliation, but religion still takes a prominent role in the act of marriage. It is clear that not all religions practice the same marital roles as commonly thought of in the United States, but thatRead MoreINTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1 BY SAQUILAYAN2009 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Chapter 1 ( Introduction to Sociology Anthropology by Dr. Victorio Saquilayan) Discussant: Prof. Ferdinand Dupaya Salagan, BSEd, MA,MPA,PhD(c.) Associate Professor V Sociology †¢ Is also concerned with repetitive and recurrent forms of behavior, attitudes, beliefs, values, norms and social institutions that make up the social order ( Panopio Rolda, 2000) Social Interactions: †¢ The responses between individuals are perhaps the basic sociological concepts because such interactionsRead MoreExchanging Our Country Marks by Michael Gomez.1495 Words   |  6 PagesIn Exchanging Our Country Marks, Michael Gomez brings together various strands of the historical record in a stunning fusion that points the way to a definitive history of American Slavery. In this fusion of history, anthropology, and sociology, Gomez has made expert use of primary sources, including newspapers ads for runaway slaves in colonial America. Slave runaway accounts from newspapers are combined with personal diaries, church records, and former slave narratives to provide a firsthand accountRead MorePsychoanalysis : What Is Psychoanalysis?1908 Words   |  8 PagesAccording to the dictionary â€Å"Psychoanalysis is a systematic structure of theories concerning the relation of conscious and unconscious psychological processes.† (Freudfile.org, 2017). Psychoanalysis is used and described in many forms through sociology, literature, religion, mythology, and many m ore inciting public interest even though people do not always understand it. Therefore psychoanalysis is also often introduced through media such as TV, radio, and film scripts. Movies depicted an interest to theRead MoreThe Asian Journal Of Social Psychology2270 Words   |  10 Pagessociocultural approach of learned behavior takes into account the child’s social environment or culture. The Oklahoma City Bombing of 1995 was a domestic terrorist attack on the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Timothy McVeigh is responsible for destroying one third of the building with â€Å"168 [as] the number of people killed in the bombing† (Farha, 2002). McVeigh’s early life consisted of being bullied by classmates and dreamed of one day being able to rise against all bulliesRead MoreCollegiality: Attribute, Theory or Impossibility?3600 Words   |  15 PagesMerriam-Webster dictionary as the cooperative relationship of colleagues. Collegial rel ationships are those built upon respect between people (Curtin, 1995) and allow for the interchange and discussion of ideas from each member of a team (Williams, 1997). Among most professionals, acquiring and developing this characteristic assists in building many of the critical competencies of manager. Knowing how to build and strengthen collegial relationships improves teamwork, increases one self-managementRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagesstructure of colonial society by the early 1930s. The emergence of Rasta during that period corresponds with so much that was happening around the world. Rastas could tell that social unrest in Jamaica was going to lead to a movement away from colonial rule and, having heard Marcus Garvey speak of the importance of Africa to black people in the New World, found in his remarkable success as a leader of thousands in the United States quite an amazing thing. Those who would presage the arrival of RastafarianismRead MoreMy Personal Journey On Social Work8705 Words   |  35 Pagesold, so I hope that by me helping people socially, rather than medically like she did, will continue her legacy. I decided to obtain my Bachelor of Arts degree at Saint Mary’s University in Halifax, N.S. where I double majored in Criminology and Sociology and minored in Psychology. Once I graduated, I still did not know what career path was right for me, so I took a year off. In the meantime, I applied to three Schools of Social Work: Dalhousie University in Halifax, N.S., St. Thomas University inRead MoreVictorian Novel9605 Words   |  39 Pagescheaper. They were eagerly bought as a casual recreation and for railway reading. That kind of Victorian novel, for the middle-class was a mixture of old values and images seen now through the prism of science: psychology, evolution, sociology. â€Å" Spiritual and temporal worlds are darkened by the shadows of change† and the country was something compared to the heart of revolutions, which referred to the English heydays in terms of urban, social and cultural changes. What were the most significant signsRead MoreSolution Manual, Test Bank and Instructor Manuals34836 Words   |  140 PagesMasteringBiology, 4E_Scott Freeman (Instructor Guide) Biological Science, 4E_Scott Freeman (IG+TB) Biological Science, First Canadian Edition with MasteringBiology_Scott Freeman,Michael Harrington,Joan C. Sharp (TB) Biology A Guide to the Natural World Plus MasteringBiology -- Access Card Package, 5E_David Krogh (TB) Biology Concepts and Applications, 8th Edition _ Cecie Starr, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr (IM) Biology Life on Earth with Physiology Plus MasteringBiology with eText -- Access Card

Capital Budgeting Decision Process Free Essays

string(37) " process shall include seven stages\." Capital Budgeting Decision Process 1. Introduction The maximization of shareholder wealth can be achieved through dividend policy and increasing share price of the mark value. In order to derive more profits, our company shall invest potential investments which always cover a number of years. We will write a custom essay sample on Capital Budgeting Decision Process or any similar topic only for you Order Now Those investments involve substantial initial outlay at the outset and the process. The management is responsible to participate in the process of planning, analyzing, evaluating, selecting and making decisions to allocate the limited resource to those investments. This is called capital budgeting decision process. Budgeting acts as an important managerial tool in practice. It is budget for the major capital investment such as purchase of land and building, plant and machine, investing new product or market. In modern competing environment, the company shall go ahead to make those investments in order to survive and profitability. A good evidence is Apple which globally introduced iPhone and acted as a leading market position. Denzil Antony (2007) stated that â€Å"Those decisions shall take account of the amount, timing and associated risk of expected company cash flow†. Therefore, Capital budgeting decision process is within the prospective of financial management. 2. The Aims of Financial Management Finance management generally embraces financial decision, investment decision and dividend decision. Its aims can be varied from different company, the main aims are expanding a new market, budgeting control, maximizing profit and maximizing shareholder wealth. Keown, et all stated that â€Å"The fundamental goal of a business is o create value for the company’s owners (this is, its shareholders)†. However, the management may focus on profit maximization that will benefit him because he is the agent on behalf of the shareholder resulting in devoicing ownership and management from the company. It leads to conflict with the shareholder’s interest and may detriment the shareholder’s wealth. In order to balance those conflicts, the management shall efficiently allocate limited resource and must consider its investment strategies with its financing policies at the best interest of the shareholder. The present value of future cash flows is a better measure of the wealth of shareholder value. Cash inflows are derived from financing activities such as debt and/or equity. If those funds are used for investment decision, it implies that there will be less contribution to shareholders as a mean of dividends. Efficient and effective allocations of the funds are principle responsibility of the management. This can be achieved through making an optimal capital budgeting decision process so as to create value for shareholders. 3. Academic literature on models of the investment process The company may face many potential investments in which it has to make choices to invest. It is necessary to evaluate potential investments in order to make better decisions. Every new investment is subject to risk and uncertainty. It always takes a long period of time to report future benefit. It will severely affect the cash flow of the company. The company therefore must manage the cash flow efficiently and effectively. Some techniques are introduced to decide whether to invest potential investment. John Graham Harvey (2000) conducted a survey of 392 CFOs found that CFOs always use Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR), percentage respectively is 74. and 75. 7; Payback period (PB) is also popular 56. 7 percent while Profitability Index (PI) seldom use only 11. 9 percent . Alkaraan Northcott (2006) also obtained a similar result from survey that UK manufacturing companies applied appraisal techniques. Accounting rate of return (ARR) and PB are commonly used techniques. It is important to be aware of their merits and drawbacks. ARR is an accounting ratio which is also known as Return on investment. It is accepted for potential investment (usually less than one year assessment) if ARR is more than or equal to hurdle rate. It is easy to understand and calculate, but it ignores cash. PB measures the number of years required so that the estimated returns can cover the initial outlay. It is also easy and simple to use, but it takes no account of cash flow after payback period. Both methods take no consideration of time value of money. To overcome those problems resulted from ARR and PB so as to make optimal decisions, the project appraisal process needs to consider the time value of money. Expected future cash flow of potential investments shall be discounted and added together to derive a lump sum of the present value sing a given discount rate. Three types of discounted cash flow are NPV, IRR and PI. NPV is the difference between sum of present value and initial outlay for the proposed investment. A positive NPV indicates that the proposed investment is accepted and vice versa. NPV takes account of the time value of money and all relevant cash flows over the life of the project. However, it is difficult to understand and rely on to provide an available appropriate discount rate. IRR is the discount rate at which NPV is zero. If IRR is greater than the cost of capital, then the potential investment is recommendable. IRR is easy to understand and it excludes the drawbacks of ARR and PB that both ignore the time value of money. However, IRR often gives an unrealistic rate of return unless the calculated IRR is a reasonable rate for reinvestment of future cash flows. PI is the sum of the NPV and the original investment divided by the initial outlay. PI is useful under capital rationing since it demonstrates that the best return can be achieved from the available funds. NPV and IRR are commonly used to measure potential investment today. Michael (2004) suggested that â€Å"Theory would suggest that the DCF methods are superior to the traditional techniques and that NPV is superior to IRR†. Therefore, potential investments can be best chosen to add value to the company. 4. A best practice design for the decision process Dayanada, Don. (2002) showed that â€Å"capital budgeting is a multi-faceted activity†. A best design for the decision process shall include seven stages. You read "Capital Budgeting Decision Process" in category "Essay examples" Arnold, G. (2008) specified that â€Å"There is a great deal more to successful investment programme than simply project appraisal†. Firstly, the company must has clear objectives and identify profitable investments project to sustain long term development of the company. Baker, H. Kent, et al. (2011) also suggested that the first stage is identification. The company has a motivation to achieve those objectives. The management translates them to specific directions and policies by using strategic planning after the company establishes objectives. Secondly, the company can develop and classify potential investments according to strategic planning. Thirdly, there are many potential investments in any company. It needs to be screened at this stage because potential investments are without being examined in depth in the previous stages. It can eliminate unsound and less profitable investments before the next step to evaluate the potential investments. Fourthly, it is the project appraisal stage that evaluates whether those potential investments contribute additional value to the company or not. Fifthly, it requires to present various reports and sets up a level of authorization for proposed projects. Sixthly, it conducts on the implementing stage to control capital expenditure, when to implement and who to be responsible. Finally, it is the monitoring and evaluating stage that is called the post-completion audit. It compares between the actual cash flows and other forecasted cost and benefit to improve the proposed investment or inducement for further investment. 5. Key stage of the decision process The key stage is project appraisal at the fourth stage from the above decision process. Dayanada, Don. (2002) pointed out that â€Å"project analysis is critically important for the firm†. Potential investments will be considered the initial outlay and expected future cash flow associated with risk and uncertainty. At this stage, it involves the application of many techniques, such as forecast, risk analysis, time value of money, discount rate and inflation, etc. Facing many problems of potential investments, the management should be familiar with those techniques. What is the relevant cash flow for the potential investment? Karanovic, et al (2010) pointed out that â€Å"In capital budgeting process one of most important things is discount rate determination†. It will affect the decision-making using different discount rate. Shall the company choose the highest NPV or the highest IRR when the mutually exclusive potential investments? James John (2008) stated that â€Å"different investment projects often have different degrees of risk†. If the proposed investment is more risky, the higher return is required. However, is higher return reasonable? If undertaking it, what will happen? Clive Emmanuel, et al (2010) stated that â€Å"Once taken, capital investments are largely irreversible and significant financial sums are at risk†. Hence, it may require using different appraisal techniques for the same investment, for example, using PB and/or PI technique to assist the analysis of NPV. When making decision to select potential investment, the management shall consider how to allocate the available funds to those investments efficiently at the same time. Therefore, the fund is a key issue to determine how many potential investments are undertaken. The management must concern about the liquidity of the company immediately after accepting potential investments. Improper acceptance or rejection of any proposed investment may significantly affect the long-term success of the company. 6. Conclusion The capital budgeting decision process is one of the investment decisions which form the fundamental part of financial management. Inappropriate investment decisions can endanger the survival of the company and cause difficulties in obtaining additional financing from stakeholders. To make optimal capital budgeting decision process, investment proposals shall be analyzed under risk, uncertainty and inflation. After making decisions, the company shall separately consider how the funds generate in the best way. A sound capital budgeting decision process is beneficial to achieve the aims of financial management. The efficiency of financial management is a good-measurement to achieve the objective of the company. 7. Recommendations Since our company has a clear objective to maximize the shareholder wealth, it can be achieved through making potential investments to invest. Identifying potential investments is crucial to the prospect of the company. It requires expertise and management to execute the capital budgeting decision process. An independent capital budgeting committee shall be assigned to monitor the capital budgeting decision process. Since capital budgeting decision process is more dynamic, after implementing it, Cotter, et al (2003) suggested that â€Å"real options should be included in a capital budgeting analysis†. A good capital development system and management information system will be well on the way to achieve the objective of financial management successfully. Reference List Alkaraan, F. , Northcott, D. (2006). Strategic capital investment decision-making: A role for emergent analysis tools? : A study of practice in large UK manufacturing companies. The British Accounting Review, 38(2), 149-173. Available through: ABI/INFORM Complete database [Accessed 31 March 2012]. Arnold, G. (2008). Corporate Financial Management. 4th edition. FT/Prentice Hall. Baker, H. Kent, et al. (2011). Capital budgeting valuation : financial analysis for today’s investment projects. Hoboken, N. J. : John Wiley Sons. Clive Emmanuel, Elaine Harris, Samuel Komakech. (2010). Towards a better understanding of capital investment decisions. Journal of Accounting Organizational Change, Vol. 6 Iss: 4 pp. 477 – 504. Available through: EMERALD database [Accessed 31 March 2012]. Cotter, J. F. , Marcum, B. Martin, D. R. (2003). A cure for outdated capital budgeting techniques. The Journal of Corporate Accounting Finance, 14(3), 71-80. Available through: ABI/INFORM Complete database [Accessed 25 March 2012]. Denzil Watson and Antony Head. (2007). Corporate Finance Principles Practice. 4th edition. FT/Prentice Hall. Don Dayanada, et al. (2002), Capital budgeting : financial appraisal of investm ent projects. Cambridge University Press. Graham, John Robert, Harvey, C. R. (2000). The theory and practice of corporate finance: Evidence from the field. Rochester, Rochester: doi:10. 139/ssrn. 220251. Available through: ABI/INFORM Complete database [Accessed 20 March 2012] James C. Van Horne John M. Wachowicz, Jr. (2008). Fundamentals of Financial Management. 13th edition. FT/Prentice Hall. Karanovic, G. , Baresa, S. , Bogdan, S. (2010). Techniques for managing projects risk in capital budgeting process. UTMS Journal of Economics, 1(2), 55-66. Available through: ABI/INFORM Complete database [Accessed 22 March 2012] Keown, John D. , Martin, J. , William Petty. (2011). Foundations of Finance : the logic and practice of financial management. 7th edition. Prentice Hall. How to cite Capital Budgeting Decision Process, Essay examples

Induction Program Related To Culture Fit- Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About the Induction Program Related To Culture Fit? Answer: Introduction Human resource management is the important component of an organization which involves in the functions like recruitment, selection, staffing, provision of training and development, induction, formulating HRM policies, ensuring the health and safety of the employees in the work place etc. The HRM holds the responsibility to develop the potential of the employees and to be competent in the workplace. (Armstrong, Taylor, 2017). This report highlights three sections of the HRM practices the training and development of employees by considering Induction Program Theory of induction program related to culture fit Induction program can be defined as an organizational process through which the management welcomes the new employees and prepare them to perform their role effectively. Conducting the induction program is an important function of the HRM so as to make the newly appointed duty managers to get culturally fit to the organization (Arulrajah, Opatha, Nawaratne, 2016). Through conducting induction program the HRM can make the participants understand about the policies and procedures of the organization, culture, vision, mission, operations etc. The induction program can contribute in making the duty managers to get fit to the organizational culture and to achieve the competitive advantage of the organizations. Some of the ways through which the competitive advantage of Millennium Hotels and Resorts can influence the content of the induction program is mentioned below. The organization Millennium Hotels and Resorts can obtain competitive advantage through providing customer service. Hence the customer service policies should be involved in the induction program content so that the duty managers can get informed about it. The Millennium Hotels and Resorts achieve competitive advantage through following a corporate governance of high quality standards in service provision. Hence this corporate governance should also be involved in the induction program content. Credibility standards are other component of competitive advantage and hence these standards are to be highlighted in the induction program. Through involving the components of competitive advantage in the induction program the duty managers can shape their operations accordingly. Induction program for the duty manager When preparing the induction program for the duty managers the following three steps can be involved Stage 1: General Orientation The history and the structure of the Millennium Hotels and Resorts can be provided through this session. The organizations vision, mission and objectives, functions of various departments are given here in order to generate interest about the organization with in the duty managers (Shamy, 2016). The factors influencing the competitive advantages of the organization, competitor analysis, market share etc are also discussed during this stage. This stage of induction program can be done by taking 2 days time so that he can get a clear understanding about the company. Stage 2: Specific Orientation The significance of the job of the duty managers are specified which includes the roles and responsibilities in the department, job training, job hazards etc. Some of the other factors like the personal policy, company policy, terms and conditions of service, welfare facilities, rules and regulations related to working hours and over timing, holidays, vacations, reporting etc are communicated during this stage. This reduces the ambiguity of the duty managers and makes them clear how he can fit in his job and can be more effective. This stage of induction program can be done by taken minimum 4 days time so that he can identify his role in the organizations and formulate strategies to make him fit with the culture of the organization. Some health and safety or job hazard examples which are included in the content of the induction program are mentioned below. Fire accidents: The content of health and safety hazards due to the fire accidents can be involved in the induction program which provides the information regarding fire escapes, fire extinguishers etc (Oliver, 2016). Hazards which can cause while at lift can be highlighted in the induction program. Stage 3: Follow up orientation This stage of the induction program is conducted around after 6 months of the initial induction program to understand the satisfactory level of the duty manager and also to determine how he made him to fit himself in his job role. Training and Development Plan Training and development plan are the plan formulated by the HRM in order to make the workforce potential so that they can achieve organizational goals effectively. In order to provide training and development the need or the requirement for the training has to be identified (Phillips, Jack, and Patricia, 2016). The training need for the below task has been analyzed with respect to the selected organization Millennium Hotels and Resorts and job title Hotel Duty Manager Training Need Analysis The training needs analysis can be considered as a systematic analysis through which the skills gaps of the employees are analyzed at organizational, group and the individual level so that various training programs can be conducted in order to fulfill the skill gaps (Ford, 2014). The TNA process involves the complete analysis of the training needs so that specific training needs of the employees can be identified and appropriate training and development program can be arranged by the HRM (Niphadkar, 2016). According to the given tasks the employees lacks the understanding about the relevance and the importance of the customer service and it contribution to the achievement of competitive advantage of the organization. The poor quality rating by the hospitality rating agency can impact the organizations reputation negatively and can hinder its sustainability. This scenario highlights the need for training program which educate them the relevance of customer service and to develop high quality customer service ability in the employees (Goetsch, Davis, 2014). Source: learning and development, ange brooking. Components of a need analysis The training need provision of customer service is analyzed in relation to the organization Millennium Hotels and Resorts and job title Hotel Duty Manager. Organizational need: This component of the TNA analysis the organizations performance in relation to the organizational objectives. It generates an accurate estimate about the potential of the employees in terms of their customer service proficiency and their knowledge about the same. Millennium Hotels and Resorts being operating in the hospitality industry it is important to provide high quality customer service as the organizations in this industry are differentiated in terms of quality of service. Task need: This component is generally involved in gathering the information about the job for the development of the training programs. This involves the detailed examination of the job role hotel duty manager like the knowledge, skills, attitudes etc so as to supervise and manage the staff members of the hotel. The job role of the duty manager closely related to the customer service provision. Maintaining good customer relations is the primary tasks of the duty manager. His responsibility also involves monitoring the provision of high quality customer service by the staff members. Person need: This component specifies the identification of the gaps between the current capabilities of the duty manager to provide the customer service provision. Here the actual performance of the duty manager in relation to the customer service is measured with the service standard kept by the Millennium Hotels and Resorts. Here the attitude of the person, output of the performance and self assessment needs are identified to assess the training needs. For example the ability of the person in the job role of duty manage should possess listening and observing skills to understand what the customer exactly require. Learning Plan Learning Outcome LO1: Through the provision of the training program the duty managers should be able to clearly define what is customer service and how this concept can be implemented in order to win the customer satisfactory level. This learning outcome can make the duty managers to clearly understand the relevance of customer service in hospitality industry and how it can gain competitive advantage for the organization in the industry (Guise et al, 2017). LO2: Through the training program the duty managers of the Millennium Hotels and Resorts should be able to attain high quality service rating, in the rating conducted by the hospitality rating agency. Through attending the training program related to customer service the duty managers should be able to achieve high quality service rating. List of the content LO1: List of contents for the training program Here the trainees are made understand the concept of customer service and how it is related to the success of the organizational effectiveness. Power point presentation which highlights the concepts and theories of customer service. Lecturers and explanations about the relevance of customer service in competitive advantage, sustainability etc by top management officials. Magazines based on customer service which included testimonials of successful hospitality organizations focusing on customer service. Feedback forms which can determine the understanding level of the trainees. LO2: List of contents for the training program This session includes the training which makes the duty managers to obtain high quality service rating. The content of this training programs are mentioned below. Lecturing and coaching materials and the top level managers. Videos which highlights the managers handling the customers during critical situation. Theoretical booklets which includes the auditing criteria. Appropriate training methods Some of the training methods which can be recommended for the training program conducted for the duty managers so as to achieve the learning outcomes are mentioned below. Coaching: The trainer can provide the theories and concepts of the customer service and its impacts on the hospitality business to the trainees through coaching method. This training method will be effective to achieve the LO1 (Edirippulige et al, 2016). Role modeling: This method of training can be used in order to make the duty managers understand about how to handle the customers and provide better customer service. One participant can take the role of manager and another can take the role of customers. Demonstration: The method of demonstrating the customer service by the trainers about the phrases and the body language while providing customer service can be an effective method of training. Real-time training programs: The duty managers can be asked to be apprentice of the top level managers while they handle the customers which can provide real time experience to the duty managers (Seamster, Redding, 2017). Health and Safety requirement and appropriate learning outcome The duty manager of the hospitality organization Millennium Hotels and Resorts is responsible for handling the operations of the hotels or the resorts. The most important health and safety training requirement for a duty manager is the fire accident which can encounter the resort premises. It is essential that the duty managers should be provided training take precautions to eliminate fire accidents and also be trained to manage the critical situation when fire is set out in the resort LO1: Through attending this training program the duty managers will be understand what measures has to be taken in order to eliminate fire accidents through the use of fire accident equipments. Job Description Related to Health and Safety Typical Hazards in the Work place Each and every organizations workplace is associated with health and safety hazards. Some of the typical hazards in the work place are mentioned below. Poor lightning and improper structuring of the work place. For example the organization ABC is a retail firm which deals with the automobile parts business. In this firm the lightning provided was not sufficient which resulted in the injury to the employee while handling those parts. The employee was not able to see the wire connected through the floor because of poor lightning which made him to slip down (Adrian et al, 2017). Fuel service and repair: The usage of mobile phones in the fuel service centers can cause drastic fire accidents which can be hazardous to the employees as well as the public. There are several cases in the real time environment where the customers of the employees make use of the mobile phones while at fuel service center which is hazardous. In child care center the work place can be hazardous to the employees when it is occupied with too many furnitures and toys. The child cares are having big responsibility to handle the children hence occupying too many toys and furniture can harm them when handling children Typical Hazards in the chosen organization Some of the typical hazards for the organization Millennium Hotels and Resorts for the duty managers are identified and mentioned below The duty managers will have to move around the floor in order to monitor or supervise the work place. Sometimes he will have to climb the stairs without making use of the lift. This can make him physically tired and can get into some ailments like back ache, leg pain etc. The duty managers will have to handle the critical situations which can put him into stress by handling the staff members, problem solving, maintain customer relations. This can cause physical as well as mental illness Poor lighting air circulation in the hotels can cause health hazards for the duty manager. It can cause some breathing related problems which can make the manager to face long term health issues. Because of poor lightning the chances of slipping down and getting hurt is higher. Another hazard which can cause to the duty managers are the hazard which can cause through bullying from the top management. Since he is in direct coordination with the workplace he is answerable to the top management. This can put him in a stressful situation and can cause him health hazards (Gopang et al, 2017). Way to involve workers in the health and Safety One way which can be suggested for the organization Millennium Hotels and Resorts for making the duty managers involve in the health and safety of work place policies is mentioned below. The duty managers can be assigned the duty to report if there is lack of lighting and air circulation in any area of the resort or hotels. This can be an indirectHealth and Safety Risk Assessment form Assessment Made by Name : XYZ Position: Duty manager Assessment reviewed by Name Position Identify or describe the subject of assessment The typical health and safety hazard that can cause to the duty manager of Millennium Hotels and Resorts are assessed here. What are the known or possible hazards The known potential hazards identified are Physical hazard due to poor lightening, poor air circulation in the hotels, restaurants, store rooms etc. Mental illness due to bullying, multitasking Injury or ache in legs etc due to moving around the hotels and resorts Who is exposed to this hazard The individual who is exposed to this hazard is the duty manager of the Millennium Hotels and Resorts. The same hazard can be caused to the sub ordinates of the duty managers. What could happen and how serious could any consequences be? Due to these potential hazards the damage can be less or severs. If the duty managers get stuck in the store room where there is poor lightning and air circulation then it may lead to the death of the person. The mental stress can cause de-motivation, mental illness etc. What could be done to minimize or eliminate risks The top management of Millennium Hotels and Resorts should make the infrastructure well lighted and should be provisioned with enough air circulation. Personal networking systems can be employed so that the manager need not have to wander around the floor. What information or training should be provided so as to reduce risks To minimize the risk of injury the duty managers can be trained to manage the critical situations effectively through enhancing their employability skills. In order to reduce physical damages they can be trained to make use of the emergency lamps, oxygen cylinders etc from the firs aid box. Information made use to make this assessment The information from the previous health and safety hazards happened in the organization is taken to make this assessment. How workers can be involved in making the assessment. Workers can be made involved in this assessment through gathering feedback and information from them Evaluate the effectiveness of health and safety training In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the health and safety training provided to the duty managers the HRM can make use of the method mentioned below. Observing method: The HRM can monitor the duty managers that how they are implementing the training provided in the training program in the work place. This real time evaluation will be more beneficial as the health and safety management has to be experimented and evaluated in real time so as to obtain the desired outcome (Hallowell, Alexander, Gambatese, 2017). Case Analysis The duty manager of the Millennium Hotels and Resorts are responsible for implementing the health and safety policies effectively. Despite this implementation, if the worker loses him limp due to an accident in the work place then the duty manager and the employer is having the responsibility to manage the situation. The managers and the employer obligations are mentioned below. The duty manager is obligated to report the accident to the HRM and other higher authorities. The employer is responsible to compensate the injured as per the standards of the work place health and safety acts. The HRM is responsible to arrange the training program to generate awareness among the workers regarding the health and safety at job. The HRM and duty managers should take necessary steps to make the employees cooperate to implement the health and safety policies effectively (Ik, Atasoylu, 2017) Conclusion The functions of the HRM in the modern organizations has been extended to their involvement in the strategic decision making process. This report has highlighted some of the important functions of the HRM with relevant to the organization the Millennium Hotels and Resorts by considering the job of the duty manag References Armstrong, M., Taylor, S. (2017). Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Arulrajah, A. A., Opatha, H. H. D. N. P., Nawaratne, N. N. J. (2016). Green human resource management practices: a review. Sri Lankan Journal of Human Resource Management, 5(1). El-Shamy, S. (2016). Dynamic induction: Games, activities and ideas to revitalize your employee induction process. CRC Press. Edirippulige, S., Armfield, N. R., Caffery, L., Smith, A. C. (2016). Education and training for supporting practitioners in the use of clinical telehealth: a needs analysis. Ford, J. K. (2014). Improving training effectiveness in work organizations. Psychology Press. Gopang, M. A., Nebhwani, M., Khatri, A., Marri, H. B. (2017). An assessment of occupational health and safety measures and performance of SMEs: An empirical investigation. Safety Science, 93, 127-133. Guise, J. M., Winter, S., Fiore, S. M., Regensteiner, J. G., Nagel, J. (2017). Organizational and training factors that promote team science: A qualitative analysis and application of theory to the National Institutes of Healths BIRCWH career development program. Journal of Clinical and Translational Science, 1-7. Goetsch, D. L., Davis, S. B. (2014). Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Hallowell, M. R., Alexander, D., Gambatese, J. A. (2017). Energy-based safety risk assessment: does magnitude and intensity of energy predict injury severity?. Construction Management and Economics, 1-14. Ik, I. N., Atasoylu, E. (2017). Occupational safety and health in North Cyprus: Evaluation of risk assessment. Safety Science, 94, 17-25. Kyaw-Myint, S. M., Strazdins, L., Clements, M., Butterworth, P., Gallagher, L. (2017). A method of identifying health-based benchmarks for psychosocial risks at work: A tool for risk assessment. Safety Science, 93, 143-151. Mihai-Adrian, B. S., Iulian, I., Constantin, B., Costin, D. D., Alexandru, L., Marian, C. A., Costica, B. (2017). Improving safety in the workplace using checklists legal requirements. Calitatea, 18(S1), 31. Niphadkar, C. (2016). Building Organizational Leadership: Leadership through Learning and Effective Organizational Development Interventions. Notion Press. Oliver, J. S. (2016). A case study of a teacher induction programs effectiveness as perceived by program teacher participants and school district administrators (Doctoral dissertation). Phillips, Jack J., and Patricia,(2016), Pulliam Phillips. Handbook of training evaluation and measurement methods. Routledge, Seamster, T. L., Redding, R. E. (2017). Applied cognitive task analysis in aviation. Routle

Procedures in the Justice System Plea Bargaining

Differences between different types of plea bargaining The practice of plea bargaining is widely spread in the United States of America and is recognized as an integral element of the justice system. Despite the popularity of this phenomenon, its benefits are rather disputable ad gave rise to the continuing debates of the specialists working in this field. Though the practice of plea bargaining increases the efficiency of the investigation process significantly, it should be limited for preserving the important constitutional rights of defendants.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Procedures in the Justice System: Plea Bargaining specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The two major forms of plea bargaining include charge and sentence bargaining. The first types presupposes prosecutor’s offer an exchange of a less serious charge for a guilty plea. The second type is associated with the promise of a more favorable s entence recommendation. â€Å"90 percent of all criminal cases are plea bargained† (Worall, 2010, p. 369). Among the main arguments for implementing plea bargaining are the improved flow of the cases, the benefits for the defendants and the increased victims’ satisfaction. However, this strategy is also compliant with a number of negative consequences. â€Å"Some argue that plea bargaining is objectionable because it encourages defendants to waive their constitutional right to trial† (Siegel, 2010, p. 436). Thus, it can result in false confessions in case if a wrongly accused individual does not believe in his/her chances for winning the case and considers the guilty plea as the only way out. Along with the practices of some states of banning plea bargaining for particular crimes or restricting the use of certain types of bargaining were rather successful and can help in observing the defendants’ constitutional rights. Along with all the benefits of plea bargaining for the judicial system, it predetermines a number of disadvantages and should be restricted with proper regulations of the procedures. Ad hoc plea bargaining The term ad hoc plea bargaining is used to define a number of extraordinary concessions made by defendants. Among the most widely spread forms of this phenomenon is the performance of some act for dismissal or receiving a less strict sentence. Taking into account the implementation of unauthorized measures, the use of ad hoc plea bargaining should be restricted. Taking various forms, ad hoc plea bargaining can either become violation of the legislative regulations or be beneficial for the community. The phenomenon is recognized as a rather controversial interpretation of the current legislation (Siegel, 2010, p. 435). Actually, the principle of ad hoc plea bargaining provides prosecutors with opportunities for free interpretation of the regulations and the implementation of unauthorized forms of charges and punishme nt.Advertising Looking for essay on criminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More While in some cases ad hoc plea bargaining can be beneficial for the community (such as making a monetary contribution to educational programs or labor of public utility), in other cases the prosecutor’s initiatives can take more extreme and inadmissible forms. For instance, in the case Ryan v. Common on Judicial Performance, the criminal charges were dismissed from a female defendant because she had exposed her breath (Worall, 2010, p. 369). Though cases of such extreme violations are no so frequent, the use of the strategy should be restricted. Taking into account the human factor and the associated forms of prosecutor’s unauthorized initiatives, the use of ad hoc plea bargaining should be restricted for preserving the constitutional rights of defendants, on the one hand, and observing proper trial procedures, on the other hand. R eference List Siegel, L. (2010). Introduction to criminal justice. (12th ed.). Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. Worrall, J. (2010). Criminal procedure: From first contact to appeal (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River: Pearson. This essay on Procedures in the Justice System: Plea Bargaining was written and submitted by user Darrell Reynolds to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

IndieReader Brings Indie Authorship One Step Closer to Easy

IndieReader Brings Indie Authorship One Step Closer to Easy It doesnt take long to see that IndieReader is more than a blog for readers. In fact, the sites mission is clear in the tagline on the home page, which promises that IndieReader gives your book the tools to get noticed and that its a website run by authors and writers for authors and writers.In addition to the numerous book reviews and articles aimed at educating independent authors about marketing and the world of independent publishing, IndieReader also provides services focused on helping authors improve their books discoverability. This type of marketing expertise for independent authors is such valuable information, especially if you are new to the independent publishing scene and unsure of the steps to take to get your book written, published and then marketed toward success.IndieReader professional book reviewsAs its most well-known service, IndieReader offers exposure for independent authors through book reviews written by their team of professional reviewers. According to th e websites description, these professional reviewers include journalists, teachers, librarians, and published writers and are matched to books submitted for review based on their reading and genre preferences. The rating system used is as follows: one star = really bad; two stars = mediocre, but one or two bright spots; three stars = good, and worth reading; four stars = very good; and five stars = excellent and a must-read.The importance of getting book reviews is unquestionable in the world of independent authors. Author and publishing expert Jane Friedman puts it like this:New authors- certainly self-published authors- have no symbolic capital. They are not (yet) known for producing quality books that seduce readers to the degree that they are willing to part with some of their disposable income, not to mention time. Is it possible for self-publishing authors to create symbolic capital? Absolutely yes, and many have. In todays increasing online world of book shopping, I argue it is book reviews that build symbolic capital.Jane FriedmanBeyond having professional book reviews written for your book, another great perk of paying for the IndieReader book review service is their monthly Best of roundup, where an All About the Book interview feature is published on their site for books that receive at least a 4-star rating. Book reviews that are given for each book submitted can also be distributed to other websites including Amazon, Barnes Noble, Ingram Book Company, and the Association of Independent Authors (AIA), which represents, advances, promotes and supports independent authors globally.Cost and process of a reviewThe cost of a review with a 7 to 9-week turnaround is $250. If you want a rush review, with a 4 to 6-week turnaround, there is an additional $75 fee. In order to submit your book for a review, youll need to send two copies of the book for each service you sign up for. IndieReader accepts Ebook uploads from a Kindle or iPad-compatible file, an Eb ook that is gifted from Amazon or another retailer, or a paper copy mailed. There are submission guidelines and forms on the website that makes the submission process incredibly simple.Discovery AwardsThe IndieReader Discovery Awards are another service offered by the IndieReader site for independent authors looking to obtain more exposure for their book. By submitting your work to the Discovery Awards, your work will gain exposure for judges, along with major media outlets such as The Huffington Post, The Wall Street Journal, and trade publications like Shelf Awareness and GalleyCat/MediaBistro.In addition to this exposure, winners of the annual IndieReader Discovery Awards will be fastracked to Dystel, Goderich and Bourret Literary Management to be considered for representation. In order to qualify, your book must place in first, second or third in both fiction and nonfiction categories.The top two first-place winners in the fiction and non-fiction categories will receive a Kirkus Indie review, valued at $425. First, second and third-place winners in the fiction and nonfiction categories will also receive a Kindle Paperwhite ($119.99 value), a custom author website and one year of hosting and management from Featherlight ($1,347 value), and consideration of representation from Dystel, Goderich and Bourret Literary Management.In addition to the first through third place winners, there will also be 20 to 40 winners from each sub category. These winners can expect to receive a professional IndieReader review (at a value of $250-$275), exposure to a panel of judges, an IndieReader All About the Book feature, and three stickers pronouncing your book an IndieReader Discovery Awards winner. The stickers can be used on websites, author blogs, sales pages and social media to help independent authors gain exposure and credibility for their work.The winners for Best 1st Book (fiction and non-fiction) will receive a Kindle Paperwhite (at a value of $119.99), and three s tickers stating that the book has been awarded the IndieReader Discovery Awards for Best 1st Book.The winners for Best Cover Design (fiction and non-fiction) will receive $250 in cash, and three stickers stating that your book is an IndieReader Discovery Awards for Best Cover Design winner. Additionally, all entries for the contest will receive a verdict (or blurb), which they are free to post on the Amazon, GoodReads, or their own personal webpage. You can visit the signup page to get started.Entry feeThe IRDA entry fee is $150 per book. If you want your book to be considered for more than one category, youll need to pay an additional $50 per category. IndieReader requests three copies of your book for the first category you choose, along with one additional copy for each additional category. As mentioned earlier, IndieReader accepts Ebook uploads from a Kindle or iPad-compatible file, an Ebook that is gifted from Amazon or another retailer, or a paper copy mailed.Reader reviews an d IndieReader bookshareIndieReader also offers reader reviews and an IndieReader bookshare service in which readers who have expressed an interest in reading books published by independent authors will review your book and post the review to Amazon and GoodReads. Its important to note that while authors are guaranteed a certain number of reviews based on the services they pay for the website does not guarantee that the review will be positive.The price for reader reviews depends on how many you choose to purchase. For three reviews, the price is $147; for six reviews, the price is $294; and for 10 reviews, the price is $490.In-storeYet another service offered by the site is IndieReader In-Store (IRIS), which catalogs your book as part of a branded collection on Edelweiss, an online catalog service used by independent bookstores and Barnes Noble. Edelweiss is also an interactive research tool for librarians, bloggers and reviewers, as well as a social network for industry profession als. The cost of this service is $299.IndieReader blogThe IndieReader blog offers advice to authors on various aspects of marketing their work, as well as advice about writing in general. Many of the articles are written by writers who have successfully published independently, giving readers the opportunity to know what other self-published authors have experienced while publishing their book and marketing it afterwards. There is also a category of All about the book, which features reviews of books that have received a 4-star rating or higher on the site.The blog offers a range of posts to keep indie authors engaged, while learning about the industry from experts in it. For example, the most recent post is one providing an overview of Best Reviewed Books of July. Links to ten book reviews are provided, along with a quick description of what each book offers the reader, the genre, and the IR verdict.Another recent post, Brian J. Robinson: ADDERALL BLUES questions everything we thin k we know about ADHD, and it all happens from authentic subjectivity, is an interview with the books author. In it, he describes his work as †¦a passionate memoir that provides shocking access to the inner workings of the misunderstood ADHD mind. There arent a lot of first person, non-clinical accounts of ADHD, and certainly none that is as entertaining as this one†¦Final takeawayWhether youre experienced at indie publishing or are just now getting started with the process of writing, self-publishing, and marketing your book, IndieReader is a treasure trove of advice and assistance in finding success in the industry.

A Note on Cheerleading Essay Example for Free

A Note on Cheerleading Essay ? Cheerleading. When you hear that word, what do you think about? Snobby, skinny blonde girls that have nothing else to do in life besides smile and wear short skirts? Well, when I hear that word, I think of confident, courageous and athletic young women who have a chance to be someone else on a gym floor. Cheerleading is full of so many opportunities! I’ve been a cheerleader for four years and it has done so many things. But before that all happened, my life was just simple. I was nervous to talk in crowds, my face turned red when people wanted to speak to me, and I acted shy in many other ways. I wouldn’t say I was a nobody. I mean, I was a somebody, but just not a positive, talkative student who enjoyed attention. In 7th grade, signing up for cheerleading was a hassle. I didn’t want to sign up all by myself. So I convinced some of my friends to sign up with me. Unfortunately, they quit right before try-outs because they weren’t that interested anymore. So basically, I felt all by myself. But I hung on. I cheered all the cheers, chanted all the chants, stretched all the stretches, and jumped all the jumps. Cheerleading was fun. It changed my life in just three months. I felt as if I was â€Å"coming out of my shell.† But more was to come freshman year. Signing up for cheerleading in freshmanwas easy. But it was the wait for the season to actually start that was aggravating! Eventually, time slowly came by and it was , 2009, the first day of practice, and that was a wake-up call. There was a new, more professional coach, and only one girl from last year was back to be on the squad. So it was time to meet other people for a change and make more friends. New cheers were being taught from the captains of the High School Cheerleaders. Who knew that I’d get the highest score in try-outs and become head captain? Well, I did, and a captain is supposed to lead everyone. That’s what let me be myself. I was able to help everyone understand what to do, when to do it, and stand in front of a crowd by having a different uniform than the other non-captains on the team. Games are my favorite. Just running onto the floor is a rush, and I plan to do that for at least four more years. Yes, I want to be on the High School Cheerleading squad! I’m confident I will make it, and I’m not scared to try. The high school coach has been to some of our practices and I could tell she was impressed. I guess I have to wait a year to see what she says. GO, BULLDOGS! As you can see, there’s been a drastic before and after. Before, I was a shy girl who was just average. Now, I’m a young woman who has a good sense of self-confidence! A Note on Cheerleading. (2017, Jan 21).

Maintaining competence in nursing practice Essay - 1

Maintaining competence in nursing practice - Essay Example I believe that this is an important part of my nursing practice because it would help ensure that my patients would essentially be protected from harm. It is important for me to know about the legal requirements in the administration of medications. These legal requirements are important in order to avoid medication errors, to manage adverse drug reactions, to manage side effect, and to ensure the proper administration of the drug (Garrett and Craig, n.d). It is important for me to improve my legal knowledge about the proper administration of drugs and to know the proper prescribing, compounding, dispensing, administration, education, monitoring, and use of the drug (NCCMERP, 2007). I need to enhance my dispensation skills for these medicines because I would likely encounter and be asked to dispense medicines with similar packaging, medicines which are not commonly prescribed or commonly used, or medications which many patients are allergic to, and those which require testing to secu re proper therapeutic levels (Hughes and Blegen, n.d). Medications which also sound alike are possible causes for errors. These risks are part of the practice and represent areas which I need to focus on. I also need to consider the different â€Å"Rights† in medication administration in order to prevent medication errors. These â€Å"Rights† include the following: the right patient, the right drug, the right dose, the right route, and the right time (Fogarty and McKeon, 2005). By mastering these aspects of drug administration, I would be complying with the minimum legal requirements for drug administration. It is also essential for me to participate in case review activities because these case review activities can help in the assessment and evaluation of cases and activities within the nursing practice. Each activity and case

Designing a Research Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Designing a Research Project - Essay Example Today the progression of technological expertise has made it feasible to fetch the consumers throughout the globe at the virtual store where the individuals are permitted to look through, pick, try out and pay without being actually there at the shop. This hi-tech development has in turn stimulated the quantity of competition among the companies and the procedure of modernization has been incessantly tailored by every company with the aim of drawing the consumers. A nation’s wealth is exceedingly enthused by the manufacturing and utilization phase on one hand. However on the further side the sequence of fabrication and utilization is completely reliant on the demand of the purchasers and the availability of products by the market person as per the demands. Consequently it is the primary aim of every company to persuade and please its consumers and provide them with the claimed goods and services. The aim of this research is to find out the marketing strategies taken by electronics giant Apple to reach its targeted consumer for the product iPhone. Being the most innovative organisation in its sector and having largest market share in the developed market it is challenge for Apple to reach its entire customer with limited time period. This study will help people to understand Apple’s iPhone marketing strategy in this ever changing competitive world. For this research both primary and secondary research approach will be taken. For primary research both qualitative and quantitative questionnaire will be made and distributed among the respondents. For qualitative questionnaire interview method will be used and for quantitative questionnaire survey method will be used. Probability sampling will be used for quantitative data collection method and non probabilistic data collection technique will be used for qualitative data collection technique. When a company fails to make available the vital

Descriptive Paragraph Essay Example for Free

Descriptive Paragraph Essay One of the things that I treasure in summertime is my weekends. I start my day early, getting ready to ride in my boyfriend’s car, to pick up the boat from a friend. The boat is a camouflaged, flat bottom, twelve feet long; spray painted on one side is the name for the boat â€Å"Esox Lucius†. We get to the creek and Jake dismounts the boat, I help by bringing the fishing poles, tackle boxes and my bag down to the bank. The familiar creek where we go is not too wide, covered on both sides by green pasture hills. We drift around curves with the moderate sway of the water. The day is clear blue sky with bright rays of light coming from the sun, and refreshing soft breeze enveloping our skin. Not far from here, you can hear the mooing from a group of robust, spotted cattle nibbling the grass. There are farmers getting tractors ready for work in the fields. I am sitting in the front of the boat reading a book, while Jake is casting away his bait ready to catch another fish. He is standing at the back of the boat for a wide open cast. Yet his back is straight and at ease, because he is doing one of his favorite hobbies, facing me. His arms sway smoothly with every cast far away from the boat, enjoying the dynamic between the bait and the fish. In addition the water is so clear, which makes it simple to spot the fish leaping for the bait. After a while I put down the book, and decide to fish as well. The fishing pole is an Ugly Stik model, six and a half feet long, equipped with a cork handle. My bait is a half ounce swim jig head; about five inches long, camouflaged green, purple and orange skirt, with a black and white swimbait tail. With my distant cast, combined with a slow reeling, I eagerly anticipate a fish to make the mistake to fall for my trap.

John Marshall: The Most Influential Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

John Marshall: The Most Influential Chief Justice of the Supreme Court In the beginning years of the United States Constitution, the Supreme Court was a struggling institution due to the lack of effectiveness of the Chief Justices and was not highly regarded by the executive and legislative branches of the government. The third Chief Justice in only twelve years, John Marshall put an end to the Supreme Court’s lack of influence after his appointment by President John Adams in 1801. John Marshall was the most influential Chief Justice of the Supreme Court because he was the first to make it a just and effective establishment that was equal to the two other branches of government by his court rulings and policies. Through his first case, Marbury v. Madison, Marshall formed a foothold for the Supreme Court through his administration of judicial review. In this case, Marbury had not received his judicial commission after President Adams was elected. Former President Thomas Jefferson had instructed his Secretary of State, James Madison not to pay Marbury. Marbury then sued ...

Gun Control: If not now, when? Essay

The Second Amendment protects an individual right to possess a firearm unconnected with service in a militia, and to use that gun for traditionally lawful purposes, such as self-defense within the home. When it comes to protecting freedom, Americans, including those on the Supreme Court, recognize that personal liberties must often be modified for the safety and protection of others. Yet today’s gun rights advocates constantly cite the Second Amendment of the Constitution, the right to bear arms, when threatened by attempts to limit, but not eliminate, modern-day weapons. Piggybacking on this idea is our right to free speech; it is frequently regulated through obscenity and decency laws. Slander, libel, pornography; we are silenced all of the time. Our rights to assembly and religion are compromised in the process, however. The debate over gun control continues to plague our country. On one side, there is the National Rifle Association (NRA) and 2nd Amendment-citing citizens w ho use their firearms for hunting and self-defense. On the other, there is the Handgun Control Inc. (HCI) and followers of the Brady Campaign who want to ban guns on the basis that they are dangerous. The Brady Administration passed a bill that requires individuals seeking to buy a gun at a licensed dealer pass a background check. Because guns are especially lethal weapons, it makes sense that before someone can own one, he or she meets the legal requirements for ownership. This simple step protects everyone, gun owners and non-gun owners, from the danger of high-risk people gaining access to lethal weapons. Both sides have strong arguments, anchored in historical precedent and statistical analysis. Anti-gun control lobbyists’ arguments include the guarantee of the 2nd Amendment, the definition of â€Å"militia† as any adult male, self-defense, the relative uselessness of permits and regulations, and court cases in favor of firearm possession. Pro-gun control activists argue using the survival of the 2nd Amendment, the traditional definition of â€Å"militia† a s a government-authorized army, the multitude of gun-related deaths, the need for stronger regulations, and the example England has set with their ban of handguns. Opponents of gun control legislation often cite the 2nd Amendment, which states that â€Å"a well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed†. This portion of the Bill of Rights has been repeatedly upheld by court cases in the Senate and House of Representatives. On June 26, 2008, the Supreme Court ruled through District of Columbia vs. Heller that â€Å"the Second Amendment protects an individual’s right to possess a firearm unconnected with service in a militia, and to use that arm for traditionally lawful purposes, such as self-defense within the home.† in a 5-4 vote. Despite all of the incidents during the past decade and a half, Americans have, in general, become less likely to say that the country needs stricter gun control laws. In February 1999, the last poll before the Columbine shooting, 60% of Americans said the nation needed stricter gun control laws. Within days of Columbine, an April 26-27 survey showed a slight increase to 66% in 1999. From that point on, the â€Å"more strict† percentage began to decline. It fell below 50% for the first time in October 2008. Last year it was 43% in October, the lowest it’s ever been. Gun control is a vital necessity to the welfare of our nation. For example, even President Obama is strongly advocating changes to gun control. On Wednesday, January 16, he proposed background checks on all gun sales and bans on military-style assault weapons and high-capacity magazines as part of a plethora of steps to reduce gun violence as a result of the Newtown school massacre last month. With relatives of some of the 20 children killed in the Connecticut rampage watching, Obama signed 23 executive actions (presidential decrees that don’t require congressional approval), to strengthen existing gun laws and take related steps on mental health and school safety. He also forcingly encouraged Congress to reinstate the assault weapons ban that expired in 2004, to restrict ammunition magazines to no more than 10 rounds, and expand background checks to anyone buying a gun, whether at a stores, private sales, auctions, or gun shows. Many people out there are supporting the â€Å"anti- gun control cause† with the excuse of self-defense. Not everyone will acquire a gun for self-defense. Some feel that having a gun is a sign of power. One of the bigger ambitions that one has is to obtain power; the easier it is to get a gun, the faster a criminal will gain that â€Å"power† over an innocent, non-gun-wielding person. When one is in possession of a gun, that person has complete control of their actions and may act upon the weapon however the person pleases, even if they know that their actions will cause harm to defenseless people. There are many deaths caused by guns that could have been potentially stopped by controlling the ownership o f guns. There’s no technical definition of an â€Å"assault weapon†, however there are fully-automatic weapons, which fire continuously when the trigger is held down. These have been strictly regulated since 1934. Then, there are semi-automatic weapons that reload automatically but fire only once each time the trigger is pulled. Semiautomatic pistols and rifles come in all shapes and sizes and are extremely common in the United States. Congress didn’t want to ban all semiautomatic weapons, because that would ban most guns in this country. So, while writing the 1994 ban, lawmakers focused on 18 specific firearms, as well as certain military-style attachments. Certain models of AR-15’s and AK-47’s were banned, along with any semi-automatic rifle with a pistol grip or bayonet mount. But, a semi-automatic rifle with just a pistol grip was okay. Its presentation and word choice was complicated, however, and this made it easy to evade. For the 10 years that the ban was in effect, it was illegal to manufacture the assault weapons described above for use by private citizens as well. The law also set a limit of 10 rounds on high-capaci ty magazines. As in almost every legal document or decree, there was an important loophole. Any assault weapon or magazine that was manufactured before the law went into effect in 1994 was perfectly legal to own or sell. At the time, there were about 1.5 million assault weapons and more than 24 million high-capacity magazines owned by normal citizens. An anonymous gentleman was once quoted saying: â€Å"Dangerous laws created by well-intentioned people today, can be used by dangerous people with evil intentions tomorrow†. It is understood that there may be different points of view on everything from everyone. Eppers’ quote could be interpreted in two different ways, but the way most see it is in favor of gun control. The well-intentioned people are the people out there trying to allow others to own a gun in order to use it as a self-defense tool, while the â€Å"people with evil intentions† are the criminals or mentally disturbed citizens that use guns because they were brainw ashed to kill. If the well-intentioned people were to go against gun control and ban gun laws, this decree would make guns accessible to everyone. Whenever a criminal decides that he or she wants to assault someone, they will be able to do so readily. Once gun control is taken away, violence will increase. People will have the ability to walk around daily with guns, which will in turn cause more deaths and violence. If gun control laws such as banning of assault rifles, mandatory registration of all firearms, and thorough background checks prior to each sale are strongly implemented however, hopefully this will cut down on the availability of guns to criminals and mentally disabled citizens, thus limiting ease of access and dropping the number of injuries, deaths, and tragedies overall, such as the recent Newtown, Connecticut episode. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. â€Å"National Rifle Association (NRA) Statistics – Statistic Brain.† 2012 Statistic Brain Research Institute; Statistic Brain. 2/23/12 http://www.statisticbrain.com/national-rifle-association-nra-statistics/ [ 2 ]. â€Å"Gun Control – 210 Carefully Selected Quotations Divided into 8 Sections†. Compilation Copyright  © MCR Agency, LLC, 12/27/11 http://www.quotations.com/gun_control.htm

Conceptions of crime Essay

Conceptions of crime are distorted by exposure to media coverage. Discuss. This cours from coursework. inf coga ga† . â€Å"r se† . ga . â€Å"ga† . â€Å"w or†. ga . † † . ga . â€Å"k inga foga † . ga . â€Å"! The media constitutes a major part of modern society and plays a large role in our lives. It is the prime source of information and entertainment, and moreover acts as a strong influence on public belief and opinion. The media is highly influential in coae ae† . â€Å"r se† . ae . â€Å"ae† . â€Å"w or†. ae . † † . ae . â€Å"k inae foae † . ae . â€Å". shaping our views upon the world in which we live. When it comes to crime, coae ae† .†r se† . ae . â€Å"ae† . â€Å"w or†. ae . † † . ae . â€Å"k inae foae † . ae . â€Å". however, do the reports shown by the media present an accurate picture of the true This cours from coursework. inf events? The more horrific the report, the more likely it is to capture the attention of the public, which obviously secures plenty of profit for media barons. Is our increasing reliance on an institution that relies on sensationalism to create profit unwise, as this could well mean that the facts they report lack truth? The media reinforces social myths by selective reporting, and thus presents a distorted view ofreality. This could be leading to an increasingly misconstrued public view of certain crimes. The media is a very powerful influence on the way in which we behave and how we view the world, therefore it is important that it shows a realistic picture of what is taking place in our society, otherwise we will gain a false perception of aspects such as crime. Is the media really portraying crime as it truly is, or is it selectively reporting the most colourful events in order to secure audiences and therefore profit? It is important to understand that there are many crimes that are completely ignored by the media, as they are not seen as ? newsworthy?. Usually only those that will capture public attention are mentioned. This means that the crimes that fill our screens and pages are usually violent or shocking in nature. From a functionalist perspective this can serve a positive function, as the deviant behaviour makes ordinary people feel safe in the knowledge that they are morally better than the criminal, and reporting of crimes and subsequent punishments can also serve as a deterrent to others and a good method of reinforcing the social order. However, there is also a certain degree of bias present in all reporting that stems from the integrated norms and moral background of the journalist involved. It is almost impossible to be completely objective when reporting, and most journalists will slant their stories to appeal to the widest possible audience. This is theorized in the hegemonic model, and works on the basis that the majority of journalists are likely to be white, male and middle-class and will therefore bring with them to their stories their own similar set of norms and values, be this unconsciously or otherwise. The editors will also carry out a selection process on the stories before they hit the public view; therefore it is highly unlikely that any crime report reaches the news in an unbiased state.? Journalists also tend to use a set of stereotypes, which serve to easily identify ? types? of people and reduce complexities of character to a series of ? bad guys? and ? good guys?. These can lead the public to make quick judgments, which may not be based on true fact.? The media? s presentation of stereotypical images can change the public opinion on certain groups in society, and may create a false picture of them that may be harmful. The groups most often portrayed as criminal are the less privileged and minority groups such as those from ethnic minorities. Because our lives are so deeply influenced by the media we begin to see the portrayal of these groups as a reality, and this may cause crimes committed by other groups or individuals (such as corporate crime in the middle class) to be overlooked or seen as less serious.? In addition, the police can make use of the media to help maintain social order by choosing what to tell reporters, as many news stories use police accounts as a major source for their information. A good example of the media distorting aspects of crime is shown with the reporting of women involved in criminal activity. The common media portrayal of women is more passive and much less inclined to commit crime, and when they do it is seen as less violent or shocking in nature, or as influenced by a stronger male personality, for example Myra Hindley was commonly said to have been under the influence of Ian Brady when the horrific Moors murders were committed. Media coverage usually concentrates on the most violent and shocking aspects of crime. This can often be far from the truth, and puts the public in fear when in reality there is a tiny chance of them falling victim. Listening to the news, it appears that the country is riddled with serial killers and rapists however official crime statistics would show that this is not the case. Reporting like this can lead to mass panic and fear across the country, and this aspect was investigated further by Stanley Cohen in his book ? Folk Devils and Moral Panics? where he studied the 1960s mods and rockers conflicts. The media? s handling of the fights between the rivals groups made it sound as if Brighton was full of riots and was a very dangerous place, when in reality this was a false picture of events. However, these stories grabbed the headlines, and as a result appealed to a large audience and gained lots of attention with the public. At the moment there is lots of media coverage about murders in Cornwall, and about the girl who was kidnapped and murdered on Dartmoor. The way these are reported makes people fearful that there is a serial killer on the loose, when in reality there is probably little chance of this happening to them and they should be more concerned with the more common but less ? colourful? crimes that threaten society, most of which would be much more obvious if the public were able to look at official crime statistics. This viewpoint fits in well with the idea of the media as a manipulative entity that is ideologically biased and therefore bases its selection of news on this fundamental bias. This manipulation theory is Marxist in origin and works on the idea that the public are passive and absorb the information that the media presents them with without question, and that the media consist of the ruling class who use media channels to perpetuate their views and opinions in society. Official statistics paint an interesting picture of the true nature of crime levels in society. It is a fact that crime rates have actually remained stable over the last year, after experiencing a period of decline. This challenges the constant media message that crime is everywhere and on the increase. When people were interviewed about crime rates many of them believed that crime was well on the increase, as result of a ? heightened degree of press coverage which particularly focused on a claimed rise in crime.? (Jon Simmons in the Home Office Report 2002).? It is a well-known fact that the media tend to emphasise aspects and types of crime that are violent or shocking, such as murder and rape, which affects the general population by creating huge worry about occurrences of violent crime when it is a statistical fact that one is over four times more likely to fall victim to burglary. Another form of media that can, and often does, present distorted representations of crime are television shows such as The Bill, Merseybeat or reality shows such as Crimewatch. For example Crimewatch focuses on catching criminals who have carried out violent crime and places little or no emphasis on occurrences of burglary or more ? normal? crimes, even though this type of crime is much more frequent. The Bill shows many incidents of violent crime, however also tends to show other less ? newsworthy? forms of crime such as theft which is a more realistic approach. coac ac† . â€Å"r se† . ac . â€Å"ac† . â€Å"w or†. ac . † † . ac .†k inac foac † . ac . â€Å". There are a number of media influence models that attempt to explain the extent and nature of media influence. The manipulation theory presented earlier is one of these theories; however there are others that attempt to explain the media? s effect on society in different ways. The pluralist model argues that the public are not passive receptors but active participants with the ability to choose and form their own opinions from the vast variety of information presented by the media, whether about crime or about other social issues. The media only serve to reinforce the existing values that people possess. Tversky and Kahneman suggest that the easier it is to recall or imagine an event, the more likely we are to see it as risky or as frequent in occurrence (Tversky and Kahneman cit. 1994: 303). Therefore if this is correct then constant media coverage of violent crimes could lead us to believe that such crimes are the ones most likely to affect us. Mass media reporting can also serve as a substitute for direct experience, however research into this supports the pluralist model by showing that people are usually active consumers and interpreters rather than passive recipients. The issue at hand seems to be the growing difference between the way the public perceive crime and the reality as shown by official statistics. For some reason, society has a far greater fear of murder and other violent crime than is justified by the actual number of occurrence, when in reality there is far greater likelihood of incidences of burglary or car crime. So where do these fears stem from? The answer appears to be that they come from the way in which the media report crimes and how they select the most newsworthy aspects so that more papers will get sold and so viewing figures will increase. In conclusion it is an unavoidable fact that our society is so immersed in the media that its influence is hard to get away from. To a large extent, media does form our social world, however it is also true that people are active interpreters of information, and are able to utilize their own opinions on events and stories shown by the media. We are only taking in what the media offer to us not the real truth about what is happening. It is very easy for our conceptions of crime to be distorted by the way that the media portray it, as the only information we are receiving on the events is that which comes from the media. However if people really are actively interpreting and thinking about the true nature of crime levels, while attempting to broaden their horizons of information, then they will be more aware of the reality of the situation and our conceptions will be far less influenced by media constructed images and opinions. Bibliography Maguire, M, R. Reiner and R. Morgan. 2002 The Oxford Handbook Of Criminology New York: Oxford University Press Haralambos, M. 2000? Themes and Perspectives in Sociology? 4th edition Cohen, S and Young, J. 1973? The Manufacture Of News: Deviance, Social Problems and the Mass Media, London: Constable and Co Ltd.

Public Controversy on Bio-ethics Essays

Public Controversy on Bio-ethics Essays Public Controversy on Bio-ethics Paper Public Controversy on Bio-ethics Paper Bioethics can be referred to as a field of study that is philosophical, and addresses the ethical arguments as a result of advances in biology and medicine. (Jonsen et al, 1998). The ethical questions that are addressed by the bio ethicists are used in relation among life sciences, biotechnology, medicine, politics, law, philosophy, and theology (James, 2001). The interdisciplinary field of bioethics was jump-started by the Nuremberg Code. This code was set up in order to set standards for judging physicians and scientists (McGee et al 2003). These physicians and scientists were the one who had worked in concentration camp conducting biomedical experiments on the prisoners. The basic ethical principles that should rule biomedical and behavioural research on human subjects have been suggested to be drafted down. Guide lines that will ensure human rights and respect are upheld should also be included. The rules and guidelines also assist in resolving the ethical problems that surround research conducted on the human subjects. Principles that need to be addressed by the guidelines are: Justice, Beneficence and Respect for autonomy for the person. Public health and health policy challenges and advancement in biotechnology has resulted to a fast-growing academic and professional area of inquiry in bioethics. Degree programs are currently being offered in various education institutions that do specialize in bioethics. The proper scope in bioethics is not certain. While some people feel that ethical evaluation of questions that revolve around biology and medicine should be narrowed down to the morality of medial treatments or technological advances, others feel different. The other groups are of the view that ethical evaluation should include morality of all actions that might help or harm organisms that can feel fear and pain. In addition, all such actions should be included in bioethics. This is because they may bear a relation to medicine and biology. The purpose of bio ethicists is to put to work the huge body of research and history of discussions about bioethics in a manner that is fair, honest and intelligent. Future social, ethical and economic implications. Bioethics as a field was as a result of public attention to ethical questions related to abuses of human subjects in biomedical experiments,www. eubios. info/betext. htm . Bioethics as a field of study is said to be an appropriate way of ensuring human rights and morals are incorporated into the medicine and biological experiments. In this research paper, the issue of Genetically Modified Foods (GMOs) will be discussed. The use of genetically modified organisms has raised public disagreement on whether the organisms should be produced for human consumption or not. The positive perspective of genetic organisms will first be discussed, and negative effects also. Both sides expose the controversy that surrounds this issue. Genetically Modified Food Organisms. (GMOs). Discussion There are various issues that comprise bioethical research analysis. Genetically modified organisms include one of the issues that have raised controversy in the biomedical field. The argument is between the advantages and negative effects of these foods. Part of the global community view GMOs as a benefit to human survival while others see the organisms as unhealthy and having adverse effects on people, animals and the environment in general. Genetically modified organisms (GMO) can be said to be organisms that’s through genetic engineering techniques, their genetic material or make-up is altered (Anderson K. 2005). The recombinant DNA technology is used in alteration of the genetic makes of GMOs include transgenic plants and microbes for example e. g. bacteria (Cohen et al, 1973). Genetically modified organisms have increased production in the agriculture sector and reduced the costs that may be incurred during the production. This is because, there is reduced costs in chemical and mechanical needs during planting, maintenance and harvesting of the agricultural products, (Smith et al, 2000). The savings from costs that might have been incurred can be used to implement programs that can benefit the consumers. The government can therefore, spend less in the cost of production in agriculture if the foods were genetically engineered as compared to the organically produced foods. www. dartmouth. edu-biomed/resources. htmld/bioethics. shtml. Genetically modified organisms require minimal use of chemicals and labour to enhance maximum production. These organisms also result to the production of foods that are more nutritious. This means that the nutritional value of the natural foods can be increased by producing GMOs . A good example is ‘Golden Rice’ which contains beta-carotene, Vitamin A and Iron. The GMOs due to their increased nutritional value helps in preventing and treating nutritional related diseases, for example, anaemia, childhood blindness and Marasmus. Another advantage of genetically modified crops is that the foods have an enhanced taste and quality as compared to the natural crops. This is because the crops genes have been modified to improve its quality. Genes from two crops are combined to form a better quality crop. The characteristics that enhance resistance against diseases, adverse weather conditions, pests, and maximum yields in both crops result to an even better crop, www. sciencemag. org/feature/plus/sfg/education/index. dtl. The crops that have been genetically engineered have a reduced maturation time. Some crops have been known to take a very long time before they are ready to be harvested. Decreasing the maturation period increases the crop yield per given piece of land. The crops susceptibility to diseases and pests that occur as a result of long periods of crop in the field is reduced. This increases the rate of production of the crop over a given area of land. The high production is able to supply the world markets in order to satisfy the needs of the people. GMOs violate the ethics that require protection and conservation of both the plants and animal diversity. All organisms or species that exist in nature have their intrinsic values. This value allows plants or animals to exist without being interfered with. They all have a right to life and no one has the right to manipulate them. Gene engineering of these natural organisms denies them the right to exist in their original form. This results to gene loss or reduction of genetic diversity. The GMOs have an increased stress tolerance. Crop stress can be as a result of diseases, pests and unfavourable weather conditions. For example the crops are disease resistant. The crop field is protected from the diseases that are likely to attack it. Due to their disease resistant condition, the quality and nutritional value of the food crop is guaranteed. The hybrid species of crops that are produced as a result of genetic engineering offer a much higher quality crop. There is no reduction in production that may result due to the crop diseases, (Smith et al, 2003). In addition some food crops have been engineered to produce human vaccines against infections diseases. Many human diseases and infections are either incurable or curable. Some incurable human diseases can be prevented by consumption of genetically modified foods. The vaccines boost the human body immune system against the diseases. For example banana species produce a human vaccine against hepatitis. The crops are also resistant to pests that can damage crops to lower the production and its product quality. Some pests may also act as disease vectors of human or animal diseases. Some human diseases can be contagious and that can cause deaths of a large number of people. Foods containing medicinal components assist in providing better health to the people. The GMOs give a chance to the introduction of new products and growing techniques. The GMOs produce toxic substances to the humans. Natural foods contain toxic components that do not cause adverse health effects. Introduction of new genes in a pant trigger production of toxins at high levels and also interferes with a metabolic pathway. This causes a stressed plant to produce more toxins in response to this. For example potatoes bred for increased disease resistance have produced high levels of glycoalkaloids (GEO-PIE Website). These toxins may cause poisoning or diseases in the human body, (Murphy et al, 2004). In animals, the gene technology has led to the introduction of animal species that are resistant to diseases. For example, a cow has been introduced; that is resistant to the mad cow disease (James, 2001). This prevents outbreak of such infectious diseases, which may even be transmitted to the human beings. Animal productivity can be increased its resistant to harsh unfavourable conditions. The animal also acquires an efficient feeding method. Animal diagnostic methods are improved through gene engineering. This ensures diseases can be easily diagnosed and the required treatment administered on time. Genes from different species are mixed in order to form a GMO. This means that the genetic make up is interfered with. Genes that enhance the survival of threat organism may be interfered with. Disease-resistance and stress-tolerance in the organism may be reduced. This makes the organism’s vulnerability to diseases and stress to increase. An outbreak of disease may completely wipe out an entire population due to reduced resistance. Genes tampering may also decrease the survival rate in a species due to its reduced ability to adapt to adverse weather and environmental changes. Other changes may include; behavioural change and low reproductive rate (low survival rate of the offspring). GMOs cause stress to the animals and plants. This is due to the increased human disturbance to the organism. The organism is exposed to so many changes at the same time genetic changes, behavioural changes The environment in which a person lives is very important and needs to be protected from pollution or exposure to overexploitation. Bio-herbicides and bio insecticides have been developed. These chemicals are environment friendly and help in preventing pollution of the environment. Environmental pollution contributes a lot in environment deterioration, diseases increase (in humans, animals and plants) and affects water resources and other natural resources. Environmental pollution has encouraged global warming that has in turn resulted to natural disasters (floods, famine and drought, and hurricanes). These natural disasters cause intense damage to property, transport systems and death. Use of bio-herbicides and insecticides reduce the effects that contribute to disasters that are environmentally related. These chemicals reduce the dangerous effects of chemicals that have been used in the past; non-friendly to the environment. The chemicals can be absorbed in the human environment without causing hazards. Biotechnology as a technique is applied in conservation of soil, water and energy. These resources support the entire human population survival . The resources exploitation or destruction may put to risk the human survival. Both humans and animals depend on the plant resources for their food. Minerals that are extracted from the natural environment are used in the pharmaceutical industry to produce drugs. Others are used to build residential and working facilities. Therefore, people need to protect these resources from over-exploitation and instead promote sustainable use of the resources. In the mission to protect the environment people are inventing measures that will ensure sustainable utilization of the resources. As above stated, chemicals that are genetically produced is environmental -friendly. This ensures that they do not change or affect the soil structure and its fertility. Wild animals are protected from poisoning through the use of non-environmental friendly chemicals on the natural environment. Water sources are protected from poisoning. Both plants and animals in the wild utilize water and poisoning of this water will adversely affect the aquatic organisms that live in the water resources www. gwu. edu/-guides/arts/philosophy. html. The GMOs on the other hand have negative effects on people, environment and safety, also local and global effects. The organism make up of an organism assists a person in resisting diseases in the body system. The GMOs may cause allergies in individuals due to the interference of the genetic composition. The antibiotic resistance markers in the body are transferred reducing the resistance of that person against the disease causing organisms . The environment is exposed to chemicals that in turn affect the natural cycle of the environment. Genetically modified plants may harbour disease vectors that may affect the animals. Allergies introduce other health complications to both humans and animals. Organisms that may be exposed to negative effects of use of GMOs become more susceptible to diseases (www. -sul. Stanford. edu/guides/bietics. html). . Better waste management has been developed as a result of genetically modified organisms. Wastes require to be disposed in the best way possible that does not pose danger to the people or the environment itself. Products those are less harmful to the people if disposed guarantee a community safe waste management. Any waste that is disposed in the environment requires being biodegradable and causing minimal effects to the environment. The waste is easily absorbed in the existing environment without threatening humans and animals, as well as the plant life. There is more efficient processing of products and bio processing of forestry products (Bioethics. georgetown. edu/publications/scopenotes/sn38. htm). In human societies, genetically modified organisms have increased food security for the growing populations worldwide. The food production is increased through huge harvests. Increased yields enable a country to satisfy the nutritional needs of its people . In addition more food can be stored for future use. This guarantees the people of enough food even in cases of unfavourable weather conditions (drought, floods) that may reduce the crop production. A good harvest is as a result of early maturity, disease-tolerant crops, pest resistant crops and their ability to adapt to the adverse weather conditions. The crops are more stress-tolerant and will survive in changing environments. Animal products that supplement human diet can also be produced in high amounts as a result of increased resistance to diseases, increased hardiness and feeding efficiency as well as improved diagnostic methods. Animal products provide food source that supplement the crop products. Increasing human populations have necessitated increase in animal products to satisfy the ever-increasing human needs. Genetically produced animal organisms will also increase in production and their products also easily available to the people. Increased food security prevents scarcity of food even in the events of droughts or floods. The global environment is threatened by the use of genetically modified organisms. Both plants and animal populations have been affected. In a natural environment, conservation of gene diversity is very crucial. Disappearance of a species causes reduction in the genetic diversity. The process of evolution and natural selection favour the survival of organisms with the best genes. Genetic engineering may result to the change of genes that are important for an organism to survive. A species changed wiping out of that species through natural selection. These organisms can therefore be said to threaten survival of some species for example, unintended transfer of transgenes through cross-pollination, effects on soil microbes, and loss of flora and fauna diversity. These changes in turn affect the natural cycle in the environment www. questia. com/Ethics-in-education. To the humans, the genetically modified foods are said to cause health problems. Since they are genetically engineered, the animal and crop products threaten the safety of the person consuming the product. The threats posed by the genetically modified foods vary according to the organism type being modified and the intended application of the modified organism. Products that can enter the human food supply are primary causes of problems in the human health. The GMOs are potential causal factors of food allergies. The allergic reactions result when a normally harmless protein stimulates an immune response after it enters the body, (Bernstein et al, 2003). The allergic response is activated b an introduction of a new gene in the human body, which is from a source with allergic components. The source may also be new to the human body system. This increases allergic reactions possibility. Compared to its traditional counterpart, genetically engineered plant may have decreased nutritional value. This is because a GMO is said to make nutrients in that plant to become unavailable or indigestible to the people. For example, a study conducted showed a strain of genetically modified soybean produce phytoestrogen compound levels. The phytoestrogen compounds in the soybean are believed to protect against heart diseases and cancer. This is as compared to the traditional strain of the soybean. (Bakshi, 2003). Both humans and animals have bacteria that live in the body system. These bacteria have very vital roles in the body. Genetically modified foods consumed may cause these bacteria to pick up antibiotic resistance gene before the complete digestion of the DNA. This results to the antibiotic resistance in the body systems (GEO-PIE website). In terms of access and intellectual property, genetically modified foods causes few companies to dominate world food production. The technology that is applied in gene engineering is very expensive and not easy to acquire. Therefore, only few companies have the knowledge and technical know-how to produce the organisms. This will result to monopolization of the market by these few companies. Reduction in competition will cause the price of these foods to go up. This will in turn deny food to the poor or those who cannot afford these productswww. healthsystem. virginia. edu/internet/bio-ethics/bibliographylombardo. cfm. The developing countries dependency on industrialized countries will increase. Dependency of developing countries on the developed country violates their rights to conduct their government affairs independently. The countries sometimes are blackmailed into accepting political stands that compromise the welfare of their citizens. Laws and policies that should be developed in the country, address more issues that benefit the developed countries, rather than their own country (Jonathan et al, 2006). The process of developing the genetically modified organisms involves the foreign exploitation of natural resources. This is referred to as biopiracy. (Muse. jhu. edu/journals/kennedy-institute-of ethics-journal). This is whereby foreign firms or companies exploit natural resources that belong to others without their authority and recognization. Some companies have been said to exploit resources from the indigenous communities and patenting them as their own. This can be viewed as undermining of natural resources by people who do not own them (Khushf et al, 2004). The genetic engineering advances are thought to direct interests of rich countries. The rich countries gain economically by supplying GMOS to the global market, while the poor developed countries loose. Developing countries lack the technological know how in producing genetically modified organisms. If the organisms were to be introduced in the developing countries, it would be very expensive for the country or its citizens to afford the products www. bu. edu/library/guides/biethics. html. In my own view, genetically modified foods should not be introduced in the market due to the adverse effects they can cause to people, environment and society, (Glad et al, 2008). These effects cannot be ignored due to the further complications they cause to humans, animals and the overall environment. Their advantages can be equited to the negative effects they cause. The organisms should be developed without causing the harm they have caused in the past, if they are to be introduced for everyone to consume. Though these organisms do assist in solving food problems, other methods of ensuring maximum food production without posing threats should be applied. Research in the medical field, through biotechnology has helped in manufacturing of more effective drugs by pharmaceutical companies. Minimizing negative effects that may result should develop these drugs. The organisms’ benefits should be enjoyed without at the same time becoming a hazard. Conclusion Genetically modified organisms are diverse and are beneficial to the humans, animals and plants. Their benefits to human, animals and the environment are benefits to be appreciated Humans can have enough food, diseases can be prevented and the environment protected from exploitation. GMOs definitely contribute to the well being of life on earth in various ways. However they also have their negative side to life on earth. Diseases and infections have been encouraged by the organisms, environmental pollution and poisoning of human, animals and plant life. In future the testing of the Genetically Modified Organisms will be very important to ensure that the benefits outweigh the demerits and costs of development. This is the only way that the moral and ethics of life on earth will be propagated. Genetically Modified Organisms that may be introduced should be acceptable if the benefits people acquire from them are so important and many their negative effects can be comfortably sidelined. References Anderson . K and Lee Ann Jackson . 2005. Some Implications of GM food Technology policies for Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of African Economies Bakshi 2003. Genetically modified organisms; harmful effects Bernstein et al, 2003 Cohen, S. Chang, A. Boyerit. Helling R. 1973. Construction of Biologically Functional Bacterial Plasmids in Vitro. Glad, John. 2008. Future Human Evolution; Eugenis in the Twenty-First Century: Hermitage Press. James 2001. Principles of Biomedical Ethics, Oxford, New York; Oxford University Press Jonsen, Albert; Veatch, Robert Walters, Leroy (1998). Source Book in Bioethics, Washington; Georgetown University Press. Jonathan, Baron. 2006. Against Bio-ethics. Khushf, Tom(ed) 2004. Handbook of Bio-ethics; Taking Stock of the Field from a Philosophical Perspective. McGee, Glenn (2003). Pragmatic Bioethics, Cambridge Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press. Murphy, Timothy. 2004. Case Studies in Biomedical Research Ethics. The MIT Press. Smith, Nick. April 13, 2000. â€Å"Seeds of opportunity† An assessment of the Benefits, safety and oversight of plant Genomics and Agriculture Biotechnology. www. eubios. info/betext. htm www. dartmouth. edu-biomed/resources. htmld/bioethics. shtml www. sciencemag. org/feature/plus/sfg/education/index. dtl Bioethics. georgetown. edu/publications/scopenotes/sn38. htm www. questia. com/Ethics-in-education www. healthsystem. virginia. edu/internet/bio-ethics/bibliographylombardo. cfm www. bu. edu/library/guides/biethics. html www. gwu. edu/-guides/arts/philosophy. html Muse. jhu. edu/journals/kennedy-institute-of ethics-journal www. -sul. Stanford. edu/guides/bietics. html